PROBLEMS

Question 21.1

JUrbfDY7SellFQEjV/qz4WVuIGtjP9kOvyBATzpzpuJ3pSJp7f9oChE00a0SWIToFRyUo+xd0ksPFqshBcvegJ+gKQeKDveLsPDXZ8MWforFl+s3h440PZ+nzlkYEn/6rGQH/hCTQV9SSD0sUzUM0J5tn7YsRiBfIDpK/3fuvpMp1rA3Yb1uYAtnt5Y2OnZckLVpQ8gBjJrU0RkZ5xIRhC713onxzVnZHraH3mvda9qqton3IKzYBhz7lUmlA755p7U6Kmxlp5WMvUgrLazRlYwGrcKykfPYnxy7BJm6O1T5b1DGWpOjUBvUmz54XPJr

Question 21.2

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

Question 21.3

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

Question 21.4

kgfd4PKCHfkwYC7FTIb70SJ3gztnbWXHr8tqmo9b5p/W2WAfEAnNRxI+eNeMZW1qO7sLfzUsZ9WRZO3UNXY6wta5W2/lB8F2gHgK7SJNbycrysweZc6G+QLZZCslR6jLZVQHnOavlifa43yr3dFA5KblHCGUsMooIfllvfdm7beUq5nO9DvVsClqEWaL5zpXW/WpfACOsX8Ivfzxiy7lqnm/iC1nC1W/35q0xAvtkXJQOV6S5tbmyI91Ot4XsgOHyorZv7FyYozQ1hHmqUQ8kjQipXVaUYG/hc+fBBO+QsKnDAzvXuM+aQPt9p3WLhmM/C06iYAF8Ekpk6cqOUq33cfmzx187Fah41votlTEVIYdmwT8

Question 21.5

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Question 21.6

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

Question 21.7

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

Question 21.8

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

Question 21.9

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Question 21.10

JXGebsHn57oF2cu3EG0KCtO8k+AVUVQ9vu2kBNiZxs9fD7KzLtcJtYSxWEJNEm5xrWLC8LWGNJz8ETg7Y6fUa97YqX6ea5D8+G55FePmtl3XhvY+akxAXI+6TymAjPF4dnIdQKQLfI9KI5S+D8JjpY/0052Vn82ejmo2De6MoGm20dOcy4XOOAfCpEcGUwSWrSwcCAgwFaBelyADNa8qng1STs9gW+3V1bptpp2TL6OAdJmI/S41wKgTw4fnB5Ec66250a6YhVBY+eXdWNMbcxFQtxY=

Question 21.11

5WT/tVjaR5Ev0vAOnUVoCKPUVj5gIayfD+bn6/SW7V+QW4PN6b01gHsWrd8dBoOxbOx7YQ+KMitUCYOt9T4P2BDoKfwzPOKHQbEr4XYjmvpGIGD58IdZs+m6swlv80quN+HUDPWKqKG7TKeRiO6AaKuIl8TEUwVgpC4M96ghx7Cg28ilrh0wY2GPg7el3wLkbB9VrfJhjIz991/J4YV0BSkDcEdaMgGC/nr3zK892f7GDyIL21KlyU/Ml9+5cveGIAzzTnSpLYuHS7xpPhGglgB4AAEVGeCaz9+09D8ZRZ/CEggCT7MPnw==

Question 21.12

dVop7N83uyLy6PW9DM4SzS49EtO7q9TPLzhQZe/vWtuCD39HnugfOsPo41DHBxDW+VnJc4p4vZfm6QzVLkYECB0af7qNm58udwMZRTG0Z7sOuEqFjStxnvt2gklWj4mhjKUsxYgmH6aNLkz2KJRkExpzjUf2AdWol/Fh1YzZJwwUCoAPL4ffoUp8zZzMmIU/T6uOLwDObXpegvQND32AuWRcojDMASxkkg/Fq/6qJjB112uauaVlcZ0GhuussfZoc8ObDfO2v9bjSpijp58aIe3065+UPPk/FwIRQym0RKKikCpduG8A6G34hUenGOS3runY3EusfTZCh+zZEi8kSy04LatjUP5RiCEZbh9oGHd4NSBfL+q7r90LtDMRgzGLMaeEfcIMsXAAhASAapW/MuGlwyaP1CgqxvHn6TgmJW2hBY+32wcNG6Uhe1dDknFD

Question 21.13

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

Question 21.14

047D822VGBcp0y0C+3f/bNM8L/FuAl6WePzMa1fZxZTMa15hDlbIAp6LyBZrJYNPimkbJ5sQIuU9zkinZai0tvhC8fzUlWI5T9/ncfZCzbg/uVj3p57kwLatDCgz1Z7Z59CdjxhXj90LqVJRwXlnVegEhJ8I+yJvpKw0XUr9ALqDP7+5U2s1arZdNOpka1R7lx0ePZCOp0DVJ/zH5sgZ/Q5w907Ssnnt9gTp4AKb2shpuRQ7Qa1+xDfzq7j7wz/AahzOhfIvwmOkqkeCO7s5N5KH9tcgIbKZX8sJRhMx0S/LgukxO75RzigBvah8QU3Nl88fHe+dW2eRINnvthVjuQ==

Question 21.15

8ASbTHgKShOXFEkFJrEbVCAXYx5TcS9q6BahzycQZ28mcV6b/qfbGDEdPxhdpIAqLaIoE93nnDwwSJlghzxh34/92p6H0AlGR600UL3ocP4cNOZcA/MauvSIuFLKLHCH8klW56ZPjQPq8XuVjYSpmzoniGYCvLcIRIWKu4VkhSd+bVAiGo5NNtwPeAnoTAQ9eJKvIifAjv417Ia6eJXurG+Zk2VcUE3DCTWdiTaZtCwU2usQ/oXFkKHFMp//+VP/hQ8VV1ZjmvBlue2fM3nKiDS633FiKiQeGP3SIKLDqGzXK98oyFPVSovTMBuznVQ0NExahH1Zyp9SrnnL13M1wkhbSi3ExP13V2AHXWgRiGa9FBk/tjpuhlVj6YZYsNS36DNpnOdmu/vCNFv3al+HoalgMsFL2nFZK4gcCUsFmUs=

Question 21.16

Daiyu3ePbcQXqx7qDOUCFzomFwShhGjzn0+GLBEFcmScx1pmCYSQDG5kdL8BnfXWLlhp/Rp2XGt4Z47+x+UuLa01Uhsy9ASpflTsf/k1AvUr9BXO1+A0AQeWfxHtDcetOO1IEeHCnjVXKxK+CYHh+qVuY3nIqz7v3E2fdFTm9ZJplJwk/ZP89zdnyGMSo8e8QLKyzfXAMQ4zLBHVvf1Eo6OtgM5M2F211oFaISdCTmdEw1ic8uA8jduVxx3KyvvG5nL0YQOfRo85+elmILzRhFa6uGQ=

Question 21.17

HCIN4bBN8dAGfGpbJ71QryymwRG4NqPLxoTv7wLRtm87Nbyit5jTdtcvenJjnXDn5brXLonBJvzBYVKe3eWR0mXlNrkgYQQ+Sn6b9PxHlKsv/T1KfkBlyCIQ9N0SeZ06s6VEJY7fuoj1gNkegcGBjy8HejkDrYRfzPizlVn51p9yvAC4MdjqopOMXrLdYvKlTFv9jBA2OHcEXBXGDo0yP5ti+dflxWLW6OGXUnws8Mzn5ttVjg7P/dRDGon+MFksiFl4mYzrdQI=

Question 21.18

y7XqL4uUT4pZYCgSRFeDioO68Q+cFDCSpj/tUpUIHGeTTyKeijQZL1KJiRpVHM+Wj9SFDwqPR8kFNq2xKOuHwaL16+ViRrBOkFqXT72+R2lX6yuRlwUK0xdyYzVkyQjklXTvQ34PCrYmX2cAl/PGFTlfhE+f5TpqSLoYdi3q20M8ahqhib/kFVwqZULH91r2JEySZmY6T5zB4TkCP90BAEIv1ED5T2q/oInbsovtUgQ=

Question 21.19

S49vpJizBOQEoTwWnu48mehR4lRsKyjXgoK4gxhd6Vwnuh1kGmW1kDF6CNoepDUMlI+FR48VInr7gqiR9gATU5H+Pb7NnVZdMLpPM/eFB5F04wFp6cHR5/sCOp/OLBRaD8jqJ2IdqOri0W8YC5juGZTZy33DGRaYZ67bzTS0fP4+E1ajAUXRQtObAegNJbjH7QO27DLA+xqZ9oqyVo6ZPTQZA7nLqjzLeADCRpmE10mQUHShobFKv7Yte9wgHX14jsNEgy3ZgJskVY3Rs+Be1w==

Question 21.20

emL1avXWDqxotjT1A7lV8ZsaknZvVCqkgf9mNq2OlmTqb0xXBiRl9ghmdu5dvh6SxDvKVfcl8yapRzFHodjdpIH/kh0tDtRLYXydZyCIdamyy37o+oQazeDeY7ucW3e/bvEkAcH5lAxFt+J95L+LjYyok/ZYM3AqSTUle2FBjcbUWHqW9u7ih+NQMRwr4rrJUJYqhilaAtvBO25QuB2yly10gC+GNyIYwoAAG647hVHdt+OvXRMZreIeWur/H3pZiJ0eX+IRL4r0UIYZkjd+2P9LwzuSDwglRUef4uQJRttpxtNJ0l+HYguKGzfvNz5b0OrFPC3vGwVnJUDny/3WDpkKj6sK4kAvY6qIRVAKEfnpAx7Ao3Ayxl5fhG3Tl08Xz1kSBdaa30kdYeCJ9c1DhuPUfFCWl9QO

Question 21.21

MJe37opNYgSmVdBGp6bv2s83afsO+Lp+FwoMGycIg+M5mnmsOOJzG26D8JjpULYD9ZBpYdXoonasfu8hGHJaeZSzxOl+bqBrbhfVPIICGDx94yUASYG2J4xeiYAmNCtTDB+lMhTUbkNKV6CDDUhTInzALA8Yu9t2GESJKhJnoNsUlteE5hMt0vo4LF06/+QhiwCf/3JCyY4A7CD7QJJewLjx1goZnv0LMPhzI9NqkUfMPFu/Tuj4RjOTARHcUJQxCAs5gv3fZHE6A6UPoqWWnqr7w/Dr/i8gDfN2LV4hsXjUvPvxUC95rLV1G+QuS29J7MpXJVytImUH+WPV

Question 21.22

iq6j1cJBV9T3c7pwWnZo8uC3YyD/U8IlKg5v17w2SJT0XKVZ2FwyuWQEeFb5NNtWvPLjuOwQwa7VGdXa0tEDwJAAA8TDkjj+ZLCjN95sKuNPGnBqGPKTz+mikLx+taaHl3cOZ0uyoa8lljKOhN+etuvaXsXFlwPPpGESQTVvWE4JNss3epJBZI++vDIPzGHKLvREHWb+LxD7+nQAQ/0AvLrynq5gHdRwf8YkWGgcRcOAiAa3CfziCtiBd5FjALu/qlgnM4Yi4l3CSqqdFdhelnvVCYOiSOg79Q3tO2oLEpc=

Question 21.23

vse3J0vaEB3bIrqUAfgNvXkRxlYTrb5CUvG79U5d5zfIA3MtvHb+6RgKFO2j9zicnBqod+YNQtVqWwP7bHdGhbgph7gjyFSVwrn+UPUBgxOXWILV93P5uy4QOC620VW58n1jqtHssdGZbh/fckdyNV5DquXv+3CF7tP/So4Iw0ueQYQ27Gb/hIF8Vt0WrSuCT9N4ZuT9ctYrk9j1

Question 21.24

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Question 21.25

H3jVCOlqzMd4xGDQGORcX9tXxfzf8VHzHUoO4rwdme8obiP2DOiCTVYQXuhdG5Z5TLxIOD3tauZM5pUE+Y4/gcA3iRJjKvYYNC//whpUXkjiLg85OYBGoEaaDaocQ/O0V97ehCsMpZtDOEAeHjGnLCOcX1GSnGr3XiFBToopl7FiH1NvzjmGrmMiC8ltYQRW

Chapter Integration Problems

Question 21.26

XlBhfbuYYnW+ig9k+S8J6BhZqXszILJ/Fu+NOKTBZyjAAg5YbWL0ZuR0U4pwhcNVLxBDhGaU1ETV6BrbKjIoTQDsvMvm6HOKRD0AKq0dqSGu437AU9b9v4u0A12trQ6Cm7eGvMngkwtW598IsegPwGKspQsQb34+gL6YlFlW3XbNb+wZ9fn3tTC+DkMVwek0SdFwQWo+syEuN1FTufo0DJucIpvZ9jUcyrdHZyPxB8XH0bQc3iJKRA3tKMjdTAaE4PVy3WHG00EmitIPH3Y6E6A6kxA=

Question 21.27

52UB7HfeuDrcBvHqOYndPTWSrEQetpEI8Ijt3HO//ibBozrHqjPlVhs4qxyJ9pIcspjy2ZNbvNblaPTBKxfIRRQcB0ib/af8W+SgjGedbyhDazo/vqkz8msQimzYCPMQTM6Vp9O0/tSAW2JAz8VdC6hL/621wt+Hz6HW7xWCZLi9326GrsuTMY358npvZoN4yPeYa8SyeHWnESIxdliHNzH9SkpDxKiExlTAog==

Question 21.28

cZ7PseLFLCGRkAN9jCh15jMYSq/BPrUhyB5wf/iMFRgNVN1Ie4fEvaOKKqAKgMqOHM+9vumwvfNJnGh4DM11lJGBuNTSE2dfTO6OFkfedYl1bds1z90qFvGXJoOAVZFXHgYSM5OGO/7Qf6Yz+dHxRZcGgvejiq2HOEllyy+HVbsEs93lxmmCZZPbCMi5c9CoKHgZmgDGXBX3shB0PAS9W3uw5nxoVJvTB0mJyxHkg8oiydjjy/2l8nUeF0d/qpRTZrKW56aPsc8Uo+hMGZ60xpc6vazQQjx9+8X9aO6YQoUXRBTp+YzeAijX3QHuK8INIZ2k1aRkGoYQStzE5TKr1buG/R2NJ7hw

Question 21.29

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Question 21.30

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Data Interpretation and Challenge Problem

Question 21.31

Mitochondrial disease. A mutation in a mitochondrial gene encoding a component of ATP synthase has been identified. People who have this mutation suffer from muscle weakness, ataxia (uncoordinated movement), and retinitis pigmentosa. A tissue biopsy was performed on each of three patients having this mutation, and submitochondrial particles were isolated that were capable of succinate-sustained ATP synthesis. First, the activity of the ATP synthase was measured on the addition of succinate and the below results were obtained.

ATP synthase activity (nmol of ATP formed min−1 mg−1)

Controls

3.0

Patient 1

0.25

Patient 2

0.11

Patient 3

0.17

(a) What was the purpose of the addition of succinate?

(b) What is the effect of the mutation on succinate-coupled ATP synthesis?

Next, the ATPase activity of the enzyme was measured by incubating the submitochondrial particles with ATP in the absence of succinate.

ATP hydrolysis (nmol of ATP hydrolyzed min−1 mg−1)

Controls

33

Patient 1

30

Patient 2

25

Patient 3

31

(c) Why was succinate omitted from the reaction?

(d) What is the effect of the mutation on ATP hydrolysis?

(e) What do these results, in conjunction with those obtained in the first experiment, tell you about the nature of the mutation?

46O/GvlXlao=
Mitochondrial disease. A mutation in a mitochondrial gene encoding a component of ATP synthase has been identified. People who have this mutation suffer from muscle weakness, ataxia (uncoordinated movement), and retinitis pigmentosa. A tissue biopsy was performed on each of three patients having this mutation, and submitochondrial particles were isolated that were capable of succinate-sustained ATP synthesis. First, the activity of the ATP synthase was measured on the addition of succinate and the below results were obtained. (a) What was the purpose of the addition of succinate? (b) What is the effect of the mutation on succinate-coupled ATP synthesis? Next, the ATPase activity of the enzyme was measured by incubating the submitochondrial particles with ATP in the absence of succinate. (c) Why was succinate omitted from the reaction? (d) What is the effect of the mutation on ATP hydrolysis? (e) What do these results, in conjunction with those obtained in the first experiment, tell you about the nature of the mutation?

404

Challenge Problems

Question 21.32

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

Question 21.33

dc403TSSeGMKL601j4Ez3jCdeZxwMJmOhIwx0ueurXBKTR+HE4AfIXesAoW3N5h75H/XBn72Zmjzp7/lvnweVu+UfcwbHAAQgmvL0oxj81XAtBk+/HNsVRRVlV0f1drYMuIreDe1h0KidINO/qeYpUe8YUVAzUFGsyiJeWyhca8VWS2H9Snx+ClBpnM7gBdmU3ZjcK979HrlpgERZ2AbNuGUUt+dSgVPA70O+rBev5lOuJvzG8l5tPcecp0QyOhmx7XJGpbVAoJ1zsFWJaFGIGGyLghFJBp38mzW5bx/BQOJ45sgVbHjn3Br+NP15105

Question 21.34

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

Question 21.35

dQPCJqYLa9GWKM15Z4zYl0KD4yuP42kOwmbeK4KJL2bWYB5mx3THzA0qHRno5SB98/ze2wPmjYSvSEW5t1IOBB+YaT5cqbMH0zoG7edmAFxuRxm/9PuzQ5qQFn1ggKPVsEpd8qpGHo/R++CvddvlWWnoCmXmRs4qGwhOTZyRtyTMF3VC7abjT37kRoxPlJUB9LQw/1PjYebZYic5x+3m5saFR2ja8WDgku4ZaQK7PDPPlflajbQxSXQ7INNZ5cyc0KfX6xJTFAIHLTocc+HVGs3SFmyN3FxICOVGfmKtmZJ05RX3fmLNjwzQCJKWcTU8MxhpkPgOF8UNa4yPZG/r2PXE/ql1CcQVgRpSR9v8mR4rruj+gRkXRiuxEvwB4UbK1YeBMh5faoKqoRp6roZnRg==

Selected Readings for this chapter can be found online at www.whfreeman.com/tymoczko3e.