PROBLEMS

Question 7.1

Hy7Vzi+bIE7l08fYqxkdb77t9NVSLOksEi6zl/QINcueRI6T1vUyL6csj6w0XumbuEx22TBlugSd3uRarXqvmZXAH4ba0GVs4M6BTa3929UcLemP+I2YDJ6HUa2JzhniUO8+M9pKmcK7toG93S46Ly/PTtBnBQz3mv0wUqxWrKTBIp9XavMl6Hvz6fb/IClhGm5GLHCqkyuO1t1AapreD21D9HHggVJr1JsfXZ2gNA5VOZOW+P39uuQYiTXPrfQP3m96/kY1cZxulS5+VJ7EYaSNi0fsojgGhfN14av1FtyIwuQRJoiWNAjPTUHmAAqDKqMoaNeO1sNcOgwB+iQV0w==

Question 7.2

kMMofv+m4udkMmdCymPfNyuxiUGWFmOBcgVaYSV9F4N2oqbIyNX/pAGdRXPkGSA/XsOoVdVV/wNvEBoJnL2F0r3XRj8mt3QKCY/bQfHy29qu5zOF8EaCu80MgpBTin5mfGNvyP1u/zmhsfQdCF+ewdoZHvntJvePNfuvoSgS7HAUHRhJu1166scoxHyG0URAjnrAnf+S84FVyAuevv+TBGeG7pFIcxEHijOrUcvUez70YG5OffKTlnLiXb0bsqBfdAhL6BLSpytCzrl0NAXyD203BzLtR8Se

Question 7.3

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

Question 7.4

Nr5L0oK4GB6hGglDJFf2VeRx5Ee5+LqzxnUF9nWkaYUnnSpMIGEP77QlmmF0W5obk0mWJG1lF1AnizfqMh878IfRxGJy1VN+CaO2+x0VEnsAAzD7lHI0+8tbp5YRW+U+7yDhBdV0CuX/b9rzcsJr+p6xZp/DZYlI9YS8YdCFIMJ7Ir+K08beQsc8lg406A6gTwSmHLHRjDu9JRl7P2bbo1nm+pC4wUuxSTZUIfKuaGSB350bN4ZffzE7GqMF3eUYkY2gxxGmozx3nwzuH8Wxxl/dSWyrSEuwcEcOOBQf4u8mS8D/dVR4ruO1/pA=

Question 7.5

0ngERA00dXpS5Xd8E4J4em9ZnEwDgkQf4bA3eCwpLj2dXcAPswqRFWs7uBNEQKliIofpe+zS0XIKHW/HkIpQwwssn7ms+oPJbXhodvpOMshLt6qmXAaS32r3FyU0ZwS/46or9iQbYlp7Cs8js1I1W+F1CTvHG7HCrxb5OsacwIdTldm4lMPxu9z1PEg83t5YephbiXHz1SHNTPhY0Lav91hN2sVCuFmkiYFkSlAag5qOdJJN+LVImMgUeZdVN1fhzE+qayFH9KGB5WFYT1b59bTJNK0pY1Y/q2o6A6absV78ChjzwVsoJL96OWfOzP6VtBX6uw==

Question 7.6

G4pPhoci3Tsc+3SJ1s3im+3D0pYmZEUC8h+i9J1Kdun0+MAtp3o8fqprP/OUnttTW7UXlwEv4jfn2djpIXVpJ/3bMIJ1/f3hb5jGU14Go2vqjWXymMP8iBw0vXSItR/Ar/eEE6i3pvOEl9Pc5d6fF90y4at4lcAHnbGyZQapjQKIRH9DyKr4BGsBq9Vm/ow7EHtCGALP9qTVppNmPSvcsxT/Wv5PyDg2G/7RxPlOawCzGKKfFFmlcO/TkhNodSAMvVqGgAxQbtynlJvvURl4e+MjgkvQYkWb6Cc1qi+1hblsCjq+TESlF5u66Dr7Hu7M6cgTvsy8cG8IkkM8XqC3v1Q3iMR1UoZloeexPcu56BrCoxEveeDR/OUMiHR+0CWHW245/TMtpFkgfVzrUwwcvyDjkT2Pr+LXi6qSPneUNfcWawey4X0VYsvmvDp6JEtO0GyqUxLtiOUmXMR0KWuNwkuYDlGZX4n7JgEi+gt6C5g4357aHlMJagGO5yl+qKPzXej6PbhLmdBPsj76LQM2rmNGi/a6WL3OlmTGpxfRwzryko7ua+OfkKVgrT5WRxULGwDVx3CtiBO1W2MREHFkxhDA8nUPKEK2eBsUwrsHCTPtXBl8UXT8SnwGQ61AA1NS1cYRxk+pjIkbZJaU5jABVrJ2Dwhe7MBlpk03xycnHpRSdSIujKS/O76tpzeIQ9aFlDUr+OBH3xlHZE0rbk8O5VJilDqPnsZW+019i5LyJb2cOo43pzvGAhselN2bZn2I

Question 7.7

Destroying the Trojan horse. Penicillin is hydrolyzed and thereby rendered inactive by penicillinase (also known as β-lactamase), an enzyme present in some resistant bacteria. The mass of this enzyme in Staphylococcus aureus is 29.6 kDa. The amount of penicillin hydrolyzed in 1 minute in a 10-ml solution containing 10−9 g of purified penicillinase was measured as a function of the concentration of penicillin. Assume that the concentration of penicillin does not change appreciably during the assay. ✓ 4

[Penicillin] μM

Amount hydrolyzed (nanomoles)

 1

0.11

 3

0.25

 5

0.34

10

0.45

30

0.58

50

0.61

(a) Plot V0 versus [S] and 1/V0 versus 1/[S] for these data. Does penicillinase appear to obey Michaelis–Menten kinetics? If so, what is the value of KM?

(b) What is the value of Vmax?

(c) What is the turnover number of penicillinase under these experimental conditions? Assume one active site per enzyme molecule.

46O/GvlXlao=
Destroying the Trojan horse. Penicillin is hydrolyzed and thereby rendered inactive by penicillinase (also known as β -lactamase), an enzyme present in some resistant bacteria. The mass of this enzyme in Staphylococcus aureus is 29.6 kDa. The amount of penicillin hydrolyzed in 1 minute in a 10-ml solution containing 10 −9 g of purified penicillinase was measured as a function of the concentration of penicillin. Assume that the concentration of penicillin does not change appreciably during the assay. ✓ 4 (a) Plot V 0 versus [S] and 1/ V 0 versus 1/[S] for these data. Does penicillinase appear to obey Michaelis–Menten kinetics? If so, what is the value of K M? (b) What is the value of V max? (c) What is the turnover number of penicillinase under these experimental conditions? Assume one active site per enzyme molecule.

Question 7.8

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

Question 7.9

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

Question 7.10

GIWNBBby8zpi068cf6LGTZP68pB/f9YwKCfOu2L5Q6RAAPf39qkH3A2fhh3u7bK0ukJqKjuC9BytG7mL2RJ+om6tNL2vrS2gqj6Kv8yltoj5Sxs4YzVC4aZPXuSi8Mr4gDh3htJJoB8JAO/f2vL6EZkK62mbPbdLfF30+xR8t2tONczOUSwPOym4/Lq/P22wSHFOg+JKBZEbpaAObw3E9ngH3I1cLF/UcMRDnHXP2TY57CrBZ/BsgzgBVIPWi+FWuQTcKTC12YSMtEjE2ngqm00bbioVryVrnOh/1QgPy3fUxGkvAEu4l3VcA6ATrDJa3sI7xMJmIIgOkVCJuCGru0MlKj4Az4rKxojkIdcE/ND/rT7p0fW/y23N7E1hMd6qv2PgnaYDrkgc6aiBnHaSezZNLWWyY8RAZLBQ7DJFaTWx2VaGdGuDNOqD7JGxo5b7LH2X1icxSCoKQtH+HhoDpTEruEWw23o8Q9Pl8s4IF3yiKEnRw0Hi4d3xePtFwxBbb0DgXc7hfh9+Si0M

Question 7.11

3i1LmZtcAHAyq0kdloc3eT90sqpa7E3DEQ1HQ3bz23kR7uuKXiuTP1U8eF+8z+1PIrJ841Bf07FyEhqwJesr+iaMMl0XdfNWMd0ZcHvuCIfOPoIkHBT0IFPs01P9+Eliq6fbvCWts4TNbYGcDA7NCBq08vjuo+Y4qUk+3a7kuHok4rZ5rZsZZ59RM1oKrBXEp9Z8dXQG+W8MCt+W3k64sUsmR/9OQkdAndrNewcPHZdBEiWgxJsA4yiZGBHVhlx79i1KCXa9p3Lq4KEthvmYcwB+jeooB0ixuaq9Kdj3cdBQ/X37MWXvZp0VtbrczB7LzYWSdKonRO9IUME77cR5/ZBbVu945Tqj50xOtDZeDHYwvsmeqiqRpAN2NO1mfYot3zXWHFqA95xfPCBm

Question 7.12

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

Question 7.13

mvizgCzF65KelufWWUvRinqQj+QTtZib4+M9IGWayc2qUjSRzprefaYhhcAivBc5oSYcskbr7+D3HPwc1dQYYAURCd+AlXWw2R5EVxm5c6lO/CNrSBEHRPn/hhyCV2/GnR4Rw5ie08EOMkR9D/T8nAH7PgQvFyeETmHlDVCh5H3zGCrXEmrcEUF3n+x/cvcV7MJFAQO0wDAq8RX3dahQD5KeKftU0UUnDenPIgMC8m1FOBZ40PDrIKpL5Yx3+uqPGE4ns3EiUchJ3UVDQbVuYDsHYeR+D+dP/UQ2RKPKwP4ToRcvvJAxysoSNydT32nvehkFdvBo7w72+8kzqTrepkUl0SItouCJOP95fSci0OQousXoORP4EfaPbYYogr6RfYzUyscXJbKrtKhF6p4dl360TZ8rx0CEvz/We8cz/s6Cr7uR

Question 7.14

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

Question 7.15

Via9qwUj8ZuWH2g22aL8jn+QykT/v6Ajg+BpDqTrTNwuBnMeL0ZA72VrYCIFICIMVa0CrM+7H49UuCYlNc4VPe4zL3TqAjLV1FSgFLnYxDV0mrvIrb/QfzyHeO/C51hkDefN8mw/MhHkLBpQwKSMqxQj5G83KpiXOo3+y1VhYYzry/vc/evOVsQir0lCchPR

Question 7.16

yLjRxnKTOU9SocCmJzNp5yAU1UUwNON14PRsX/CYDkb+Aoq9CtLbr6E3Vt8Z8Qni5A1gRjgmEaH2qrm4UubUC259A+wDzfusukFz4zaGQ4sWzhrksOKR+iaeyHsGULP6P9pBwy9WKeyWGqoXm+MFODOihsDyFIoYTdr+G1BIb/Q26MT3DtyyDvFqjAHGnI9tuVk/m8hP87jipm7+7XjN1mphXLUcSl72bnkReOchPoLs4OJ7pWxIE18L4PkK1Ah3S+lheAOcFt/6VNjswIKaFXrN2f2/OasrFSvRFl5KQHp4BImlgqNksW5Rupm54E7cvNhJjNuKTz+w75ofY9LdgG3t3jyz1eNP6fvnM96Mb3cxCKoVwavRurX/UwZJf27oGJ8cPZpAgQS4hNKGceNA4VxgsfR/PSxjqyExKjUODDC6Eb4f8DgxMvWpL4V+LTq1URbeD7avhCpjIo/y

128

Question 7.17

0F7PgTaUJv12rrVgtJHek8YuTg5wveHlnDeFwil+4vnY6ZgRKQ3eKGojBD6NW01lAC+Zj1BLAUl20e9HwnN/hf6zPQ68CbJau2LsSwjvAsq020Kdni8fpBwnbEZxE9UZtv3lQTwnOZWcM6Mj9lrxB1MW1phEf7swl27IWljJKO5XLFK5gtrVBg==

Question 7.18

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

Question 7.19

AUUE6XBZRV+Vn/7tKnN4ri+4dYPLjJKWHvkDEHxh36Yudb9Hpag6MMcZrpZg1YVZ02Hl5Ie7nyguvDMJxdBquBzdXHvMM7/tIoPTZZUqFicUT8ofLJU62tdNvibIsFa1l8RPbP1d0sGV/1z2nKJksTmLOKR5RzhZEeKG6cLP6Lq6IU/xFHDbFuAE3ZGXh+tIoxs99hb3WqWRQYN6/+gQtyDuBvsKCe/buL5Cko1K+93oexY+Xyq+3gwsmYSU1jRyem3lb4HpqJpXBPBVSgYRETN5DYnWj0ZBRxydwIVhfPhEDGMYDxNZgI/5D1sSb+WgGPmMBZK2N1UAQKP25Lghv42fhslChljRGSx6LFtnpe8wY03xvexVez6DMhsUlByDoRZKTBepjyE4nEWSoMKWmNFXaLMbFrHlS/a6OpYNaVuDosqhgvWGKw==

Data Interpretation Problems

Question 7.20

A natural attraction, but more complicated. You have isolated two versions of the same enzyme, a wild type and a mutant differing from the wild type at a single amino acid. Working carefully but expeditiously, you then establish the following kinetic characteristics of the enzymes. ✓ 4

 

Maximum velocity

KM

Wild type

100 μmol/min

10 mM

Mutant

1 μmol/min

0.1 mM

(a) With the assumption that a two-step reaction in which k−1 is much larger than k2, which enzyme has the higher affinity for substrate?

(b) What is the initial velocity of the reaction catalyzed by the wild-type enzyme when the substrate concentration is 10 mM?

(c) Which enzyme alters the equilibrium more in the direction of product?

46O/GvlXlao=
A natural attraction, but more complicated. You have isolated two versions of the same enzyme, a wild type and a mutant differing from the wild type at a single amino acid. Working carefully but expeditiously, you then establish the following kinetic characteristics of the enzymes. ✓ 4 (a) With the assumption that a two-step reaction in which k −1 is much larger than k 2, which enzyme has the higher affinity for substrate? (b) What is the initial velocity of the reaction catalyzed by the wild-type enzyme when the substrate concentration is 10 mM? (c) Which enzyme alters the equilibrium more in the direction of product?

Question 7.21

zbLxbU3B6Zdhrtd6MOGb69cDRsRWNmHLUp7T2CI+8Ils8YvLJQcc+PfK4GaQqSy4SUpAJk3y0gABiU5A3Th9rN3NlkhsGq0F6TNY0ajCvLBAl1bbbM67S2wlYkfNzqKBB7mEgb5oW8tgwiImRjpX0Z1qEnkrjYdhHL4WBqlZJXD7vUGbksRTxE2GWwr/BpD7/bf0jjhFCMdiZKHVJqfwo4/40EmwI3T8DaZD6xr3uRIjSuUI/YzKTcXcvKj9RicfRntJICTlJt2Xq1NWdBIuhgOqf9rk/rWwNKjpt4ODvSlwaSDmtsQUMV8YwWvmRiJx6s3IM43Qzit2bwyfOP5+Wh6T4qoEZT3SVXIUKFJY0ls0s8diIPQ266jsva1KHfgffj030ldSVjNSbz89rjMhOEf4sqbwKA8j10ez/S9lkfGC5S8z/qhycgzmBgowyKYZWQBj/P5be+rvyq2lZ27O15kdQu2BvNzbXr2dp6JiYGTadpNNa+gh88fkDtR816cLNbyY8s8zQF3c00lOLuprY3SJyeFVnXdevb1jOTuDHkmWM6E/haDcJTvcXE+DVq3B4zl7rjdaWk9wtAV5EcBzF5V/rNIJ3TS+94FauDa6eNIzKvrj8BtufZtPw61tQ887dMnnPJIpAjDR/zWF9YpYdLAxXTjOMBKokboydwE7TLRBDTmx1L8AwKLgeWYP/yRY+kwFXF3uRbpRuKVhrNbjrl4gwfCqh6Wha4LfhNBiGY+KJBxRprCk4pAxFGOtYuq+wIX0dYHuPvYsQaT0GjGLc8IUyGT/jnOAZhg1taRxKu07l6aQN5e1tWJzM7jQUTInBXr15eyyJ9BuGUQQot4Yf2pS4GVbiimqBdQUU/HVRB2WpXg3X3Angh+buswgDgTs2DtiOt6nT+PQgfC5EgyaPKFy+2sr/BlF/gDtxQpm02eSUF53PvBmXPejG3S7s7z1JXlnIEkDU09wDigWVKYOx8A4BDiJHQywXjG9RK1oDpd9R0yQvJ4ntgdCtCL3o/o0KRURYc75zdRL1uNr

Question 7.22

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

Question 7.23

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

Question 7.24

Enzyme specificity. Catalysis of the cleavage of peptide bonds in small peptides by a proteolytic enzyme is described in the following table. ✓ 4

Substrate*

KM (mM)

kcat (s−1)

EMTA↓G

4.0

24

EMTA↓A

1.5

30

EMTA↓F

0.5

18

*See Chapter 2 for amino acid abbreviations.

The arrow indicates the peptide bond cleaved in each case.

(a) If a mixture of these peptides were presented to the enzyme with the concentration of each peptide being the same, which peptide would be digested most effectively? Least effectively? Briefly explain your reasoning, if any.

(b) The experiment is performed again on another peptide with the below results:

EMTI↓ F

9

18

On the basis of these data, suggest the features of the amino acid sequence that dictate the specificity of enzyme.

46O/GvlXlao=
Enzyme specificity. Catalysis of the cleavage of peptide bonds in small peptides by a proteolytic enzyme is described in the following table. ✓ 4 The arrow indicates the peptide bond cleaved in each case. (a) If a mixture of these peptides were presented to the enzyme with the concentration of each peptide being the same, which peptide would be digested most effectively? Least effectively? Briefly explain your reasoning, if any. (b) The experiment is performed again on another peptide with the below results: On the basis of these data, suggest the features of the amino acid sequence that dictate the specificity of enzyme.

Challenge Problems

Question 7.25

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

Question 7.26

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

Question 7.27

gwAItdiLJH+zCqycPKb7kKt+WuVI7rsspjPFlw3PuFNHGJX03/s/4nOirMs6TCaa9dWz/2VpjTV1Q+Ucsa2zp7NT9qjgnutEYLYfuKXbm+v3IoSW9mT23dDIjEfh6Sk2lCIMPnPNuVVQOUxA1I2Ne5uP3hsvYXcYZ2f9T/LEgTV3DJDQQZMaOB5gsp2VWvVuzHRjOiDTEuHWF8SKHH7l4iVoEMM2oG1l4UBGPUZ1vUnxklSJgPoa+KFbmDwsbvo2DGRWTg0uVBQvsfQfe6mBzCoGkUGBzOf26jJzHQzbuZ9KmH1DWgo+Lpup+xRk44aTBjA92rw6fWtTY/m53xis/aqRJoONCamZo7AUqTvV488wxOA2jtfVIgc8gxV/11Dv3sdMIn6KG7eN9Xw/Q59iyT9OX+S0qlAUQxYEsHhlLbufYojfCIH0CA3CPq8Fhq1KOn954NGM1f+/1X07dntFnuI8YYpK/nsbwxY2mMShb9N4+Wv1S0VruXJcwlmJJHH8Hnf5X6z9jkksy0bHdoUOO2gWcP+hu+BO2l30J1E1WS97VI6C+ONvbGP4HvxYv8pYZj3naQyxOL0sJmh1ArRKFqjfwwObzkQQgHfoC2FLYPbLCBgWWCJLkD5p0855CdZutzDsA5NHlZpc1miS5pXAsy8wHV6L5JNvmVKbnYk/YToeC+fklYQck5jKv/IHxaxbALPB/rXhIFrx8DdSNW9H0VD3uhjdIR2mrvM9/zvi9kJjUICiw6vezhLi+AR/6iYpVGV26Y8C5KidOXetwGjPk1aJJ6DWAdIdrAJ9bbhv1v/JDlySCkhQVBzXKSiTWqNZDSZ3uAD4VevF4B3+uN4OcAQRfuEvVmkz1d2sh2oR6TCA10qjer9XTlCCYs1Bvm+IbiEcAKYI8TxDXPIdWu7p/3jMVgBcJOfR7X9gGjZABcxCkdvHVa4N16UReb/GLGztJgNHiQhwjGe1NWcNSryA0usZ3F6TaHOEdEL0bza6l8t1XeDnjjziZ9SV7EnGoRZlSqQhCQ1cpIHb0HiC7utajOCtz0sgB3U6ttxvlPvPPf1IZT2d5kLcc2uxxwyqsTDtf099tpSXpspdGo8p5Tk2Ng==

Question 7.28

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

Question 7.29

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

Question 7.30

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

130

Question 7.31

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

Selected Readings for this chapter can be found online at www.whfreeman.com/tymoczko3e.