Copyright Page
About the Authors
1-1 Astronomy and the Scientific Method
1-2 The Solar System
1-3 Stars and Stellar Evolution
1-4 Galaxies and Cosmology
1-5 Angles and Angular Measure
1-6 Powers of Ten
1-7 Astronomical Distances
1-8 The Adventure of Astronomy
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Key Ideas
Review Questions
Activities
Guest Essay: Why Astronomy?
Chapter Introduction
2-1 Ancient Astronomy
2-2 Constellations
2-3 Motions in the Sky
2-4 The Celestial Sphere
2-5 The Seasons
2-6 Precession
2-7 Time and Timekeeping
2-8 The Calendar
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Key Ideas
Review Questions
Activities
Guest Essay: Why Astrology is Not Science
Chapter Introduction
3-1 The phases of the Moon are caused by its orbital motion
3-2 The Moon always keeps the same face toward Earth
3-3 Eclipses occur only when the Sun and Moon are both on the line of nodes
3-4 The character of a lunar eclipse depends on the alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon
3-5 Solar eclipses also depend on the alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon
3-6 Ancient astronomers measured the size of Earth and attempted to determine distances to the Sun and Moon
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Activities
Guest Essay: Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
Chapter Introduction
4-1 Geocentric Models
4-2 Copernicus and Heliocentric Models
4-3 Tycho Brahe's Observations
4-4 Kepler and the Orbits of the Planets
4-5 Galileo and the Telescope
4-6 Newton's Laws of Motion
4-7 Energy and Gravity
4-8 Tides and the Moon
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Chapter Introduction
5-1 The Speed of Light
5-2 The Wave Nature of Light
5-3 Blackbody Radiation
5-4 Wien's Law and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law
5-5 The Particle Nature of Light
5-6 Kirchhoff's Laws
5-7 Atomic Structure
5-8 Spectral Lines and the Bohr Model
5-9 The Doppler Effect
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Chapter Introduction
6-1 Refracting Telescopes
6-2 Reflecting Telescopes
6-3 Angular Resolution
6-4 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)
6-5 Spectrographs
6-6 Radio Telescopes
6-7 Telescopes in Space
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Chapter Introduction
7-1 Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
7-2 Satellites of the Planets
7-3 The Evidence of Spectroscopy
7-4 Chemical Composition of the Planets
7-5 Asteroids, Trans-Neptunian Objects, and Comets
7-6 Cratering and Impacts
7-7 Magnetic Fields and the Interiors of Planets
7-8 Solar System Diversity
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Chapter Introduction
8-1 Models of Solar System Diversity
8-2 Abundances of the Elements
8-3 The Age of the Solar System
8-4 The Origin of the Solar System
8-5 Forming the Terrestrial Planets
8-6 Forming the Jovian Planets
8-7 Extrasolar Planets
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Chapter Introduction
9-1 Earth's Energy Sources
9-2 Earthquakes and Earth's Interior
9-3 Plate Tectonics
9-4 Earth's Magnetic Field
9-5 Earth's Evolving Atmosphere
9-6 Circulation in Earth's Atmosphere
9-7 Human Influence on Earth's Biosphere
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Chapter Introduction
10-1 The Moon's Airless Surface
10-2 Voyages to the Moon
10-3 The Moon's Interior
10-4 Moon Rocks
10-5 The Formation of the Moon
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Activities
Chapter Introduction
11-1 Mercury, Venus, and Mars as Seen from Earth
11-2 The Curious Rotation of Mercury and Venus
11-3 Mercury's Surface and Interior
11-4 Missions to Venus and Mars
11-5 Volcanoes and Craters on Venus and Mars
11-6 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars
11-7 Climate Evolution on Venus and Mars
11-8 Searching for Ancient Martian Water
11-9 The Moons of Mars
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Activities
Scientific American Article: Reading the Red Planet
Chapter Introduction
12-1 Jupiter and Saturn as Seen from Earth
12-2 Jupiter and Saturn's Rotation and Structure
12-3 The Clouds of Jupiter and Saturn
12-4 Atmospheric Motions on Jupiter and Saturn
12-5 Probing Jupiter's Atmosphere
12-6 The Rocky Cores of Jupiter and Saturn
12-7 The Magnetic Fields of Jupiter and Saturn
12-8 Discovering Saturn's Rings
12-9 The Composition of Saturn's and Jupiter's Rings
12-10 The Structure of Saturn's Rings
12-11 Rings and Shepherd Satellites
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Chapter Introduction
13-1 Jupiter's Galilean Satellites as Seen from Earth
13-2 Sizes, Masses, and Densities of the Galilean Satellites
13-3 Formation of the Galilean Satelites
13-4 Io's Active Volcanoes
13-5 Electric Currents in Io
13-6 Europa's Icy Crust
13-7 Cratered Ganymede and Callisto
13-8 Exploring Titan's Hydrocarbon Atmosphere
13-9 Jupiter's Swarm of Small Satellites
13-10 Saturn's Other Icy Satellites
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Chapter Introduction
14-1 Discovering Uranus and Neptune
14-2 Weather and Seasons on Uranus
14-3 Cloud Patterns on Neptune
14-4 Inside Uranus and Neptune
14-5 Magnetic Fields of Uranus and Neptune
14-6 The Rings of Uranus and Neptune
14-7 Uranus's Satellites
14-8 Neptune's Satellites
14-9 Pluto and Its Satellites
14-10 Trans-Neptunian Objects
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Chapter Introduction
15-1 The Discovery of the Asteroids
15-2 Jupiter and the Asteroid Belt
15-3 The Nature of Asteroids
15-4 Impacts on Earth
15-5 Classifying Meteorites
15-6 Meteorites and Our Origins
15-7 Comets
15-8 Comet Origins and Meteor Showers
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Activities
Guest Essay: Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
Chapter Introduction
16-1 Thermonuclear Energy
16-2 A Model of the Sun
16-3 Solar Seiosmology
16-4 Solar Neutrinos
16-5 The Photosphere
16-6 The Chromosphere
16-7 The Corona
16-8 Sunspots
16-9 The Sunspot Cycle
16-10 The Active Sun
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Chapter Introduction
17-1 Stellar Distances and Parallax
17-2 Apparent Brightness and Luminosity
17-3 The Magnitude Scale
17-4 Star Colors and Temperatures
17-5 Spectral Classes
17-6 The Sizes of Stars
17-7 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
17-8 Spectroscopic Parallax
17-9 Binary Stars and Stellar Masses
17-10 Spectroscopy and Close Binaries
17-11 Exlipsing Binaries
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Chapter Introduction
18-1 Modeling Stellar Evolution
18-2 The Interstellar Medium
18-3 Protostars and Dark Nebulae
18-4 Reaching the Main Sequence
18-5 Mass Ejection and Accretion
18-6 Young Stars and H II Regions
18-7 Giant Molecular Clouds
18-8 Supernovae and Star Birth
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Chapter Introduction
19-1 Evolution on the Main Sequence
19-2 Red Giants
19-3 Helium Fusion
19-4 Star Clusters and Stellar Evolution
19-5 Population I and II Stars
19-6 Pulsating Stars
19-7 Mass Transfer in Close Binaries
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Chapter Introduction
20-1 A Second Red-Giant Phase
20-2 Dredge-up and Carbon Stars
20-3 Planetary nebulae
20-4 White Dwarfs
20-5 The Creation of Heavy Elements
20-6 Core-Collapse Supernovae
20-7 Supernova 1987A
20-8 Detecting Supernova Neutrinos
20-9 White Dwarfs and Supernovae
20-10 Supernova Remnants
20-11 Neutrons and Neutron Stars
20-12 Novae and X-Ray Bursts
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Chapter Introduction
21-1 The Special Theory of Relativity
21-2 The General Theory of Relativity
21-3 Black Holes in Binary Systems
21-4 Gamma-Ray Bursts
21-5 Supermassive Black Holes
21-6 The Event Horizon
21-7 Mass, Charge, and Spin
21-8 Falling into a Black Hole
21-9 Evaporating Black Holes
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Chapter Introduction
22-1 Our Place in the Galaxy
22-2 The Galaxy's Shape and Size
22-3 Spiral Arms
22-4 The Sun's Orbit and Dark Matter
22-5 Density Waves
22-6 At the Center of the Galaxy
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Chapter Introduction
23-1 Island Universe
23-2 The Distances to Galaxies
23-3 Classifying Galaxies
23-4 The Distance Ladder
23-5 The Hubble Law
23-6 Clusters and Superclusters
23-7 Colliding Galaxies
23-8 Dark Matter in the Universe
23-9 The Evolution of the Galaxies
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Chapter Introduction
24-1 Ultraluminous Galactic Nuclei
24-2 Black Holes as "Central Engines"
24-3 Accretion Disks and Jets
24-4 A Unified Model
24-5 Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
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Chapter Introduction
25-1 The Dark Night Sky
25-2 The Expanding Universe
25-3 The Big Bang
25-4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
25-5 The Universe Before Recombination
25-6 The Shape of the Universe
25-7 Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe
25-8 Primordial Sound Waves
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Scientific American Article: Dark Forces at Work
Chapter Introduction
26-1 Cosmic Inflation
26-2 The Fundamental Forces and Symmetry Breaking
26-3 Matter, Antimatter, and the Uncertainty Principle
26-4 Matter-Antimatter Annihilation
26-5 Relics of the Primordial Fireball
26-6 The First Stars and Galaxies
26-7 String Theory and the Dimensions of Spacetime
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Scientific American Article: Making Sense of Modern Cosmology
Chapter Introduction
27-1 Builing Blocks of Life
27-2 Life in the Solar System
27-3 Meteorites from Mars
27-4 The Drake Equation
27-5 Radio Searches for Civilizations
27-6 Searches for Planets
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Guest Essay: A Biologist's View of Astrobiology
Appendices