When you read in the social sciences, you ask questions, analyze, and interpret as you read, whether you are reading an academic paper that sets forth a theoretical premise or overall theory and defends it, a case study that describes a particular case and draws out inferences and implications from it, or a research report that presents the results of an investigation into an important question in the field. Most of what you read in the social sciences will attempt to prove a point, and you will need to evaluate how well that particular point is supported.

The social sciences, like other disciplines, often use specialized vocabulary as shorthand for complex ideas that otherwise would take paragraphs to explain.

Understanding qualitative and quantitative studies

Different texts in the social and natural sciences may call for different methods and strategies. Texts that report the results of quantitative studies collect data represented with numerical measurements drawn from surveys, polls, experiments, and tests. For example, a study of voting patterns in southern states might rely on quantitative data such as statistics. Texts that report the results of qualitative studies rely on non-numerical methods such as interviews and observations to reveal social patterns. A study of the way children in one kindergarten class develop rules of play, for instance, would draw on qualitative data—observations of social interaction, interviews with students and teachers, and so on. Of course, some work in the social and behavioral sciences combines quantitative and qualitative data and methods: an educational report might begin with statistical data related to a problem and then move to a qualitative case study to exemplify what the statistics reveal.

In the social sciences, both quantitative and qualitative researchers must determine what they are examining and measuring in order to get answers to research questions. A researcher who studies childhood aggression must first define and measure aggression. If the research is qualitative, a researcher may describe types of behavior that indicate aggression and then discuss observations of children and interviews with teachers and peers about those behaviors. A quantitative researcher, on the other hand, might design an experiment that notes how often children hit a punching bag or that asks children to rate their peers’ aggression on a scale of one to ten.

Be sure to recognize that both quantitative and qualitative studies have points of view, and that researchers’ opinions influence everything from the hypothesis and the design of the research study to the interpretation of findings. You must consider whether researchers’ views are sensible and solidly supported by evidence, and pay close attention to the kind of data the writer is using and what those data can—and cannot—prove. For example, if researchers of childhood aggression define aggression in a way that you find unpersuasive, or if they observe behaviors that you consider playful rather than aggressive, then you will likely not accept their interpretation of the findings.

Recognizing conventional formats

Make use of conventional disciplinary formats to help guide your reading in the social sciences. Many such texts conform to the format and documentation style of the American Psychological Association (APA). In addition, articles often include standard features—an abstract that gives an overview of the findings, followed by an introduction, review of literature, methods, results, discussion, and references. Become familiar with standard formats so that you can easily find the information you need. (For more on APA style, see Chapter 33.)