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race, assumptions about, 363–64
raise, rise, 577–78, 757
rarely ever, 757
readers. See audience
reading critically. See critical thinking and reading
reading, patterns of, 266
real, really, 757
real-
reasoning, inductive and deductive, 144–49, 168–75. See also argument
reason is . . . because, 656, 757
reasons
analyzing, 142, 147–48
in arguments, 164, 165, 174, 180
in illustration paragraphs, 101–2
revising, 80
in working thesis, 164
reason why, 757
reciprocal pronouns, 539
redundant words, 660
reference librarians, 201–2
reference works, 46, 202
references, list of. See APA style; CSE style
reflecting
for annotated bibliographies, 214–15
journals for, 45
for portfolios, 339–40
on reading, 125, 133–39
on research projects, 191
on writing, 92
reflexive pronouns, 538
regardless, irregardless, 387, 755
regionalisms, 369–71, 613
regular verb, 573 A verb that forms the past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed to the base form (care, cared; look, looked).
reiteration, for paragraph development, 105–6
relative pronouns, 539, 556–57, 594–95
relevance, of sources, 215
religion, assumptions about, 365
repetition
in design, 265
for emphasis and effect, 681
for paragraph coherence, 109, 111–12
in presentations, 276
transitions for, 111
reports
lab, 317–18
online, sample, 351
research, 317–18, 351
requests
modals for, 572
subjunctive mood for, 626
research reports, 317–18, 351
research (research projects), 190–260. See also sources
for arguments, 160, 179
assignments, analyzing, 191–94
audience for, 192, 250–51
bibliographies
annotated, 214–15
working, 213–14
conclusion of, 255
Considering Disabilities, 198
context for, 192–94
documentation, 245–48
APA style, 451–92
Chicago style, 493–517
CSE style, 518–32
MLA style, 402–50
drafting, 254–55
editing, 259
for exploring a topic, 46, 195–98
field research, 208–11
genre for, 191–92
hypothesis for, 195–96, 198, 251
Internet resources, 125, 206–8
introduction of, 254–55
library resources, 201–6
literature review, 308, 317–18
medium of publication for, 191–92
in the natural and applied sciences, 317–18
note-
organizing, 252–54
outlines, 253, 256–57
plagiarism, avoiding, 245–48
planning, 197, 250–51
preliminary, 50
preparing for, 20, 190–98
process of, 190–91
proofreading, 259
purpose of, 250–51
qualitative and quantitative, 307, 308
questions for, 195–96, 217
reflecting on, 191
research logs, 197–98
reviewing, 252, 256–58
revising, 258–59
rhetorical situation for, 192–94, 250–51
search strategies for, 199–211
sources
acknowledging, 241–44
evaluating, 212–14
finding, 125, 199–211, 206–8
integrating, 232–40, 255
kinds of, 199–201
list of, 259
synthesizing, 222–23
stance in, 192, 239–40, 250–51
studies, qualitative and quantitative, 307, 308
Talking the Talk, 194, 208
thesis in, 198, 251–52, 254–55
titles for, 254
tone, 250
topic, choosing, 194–95
visuals and media, 192
writing, 250–60
respectfully, respectively, 757
restrictive element, 5, 689–91, 697 A word, phrase, or clause that changes the essential meaning of a sentence. A restrictive element is not set off from the rest of the sentence with commas or other punctuation: The tree that I hit was an oak.
résumés, 327–29
cover letters for, 325–26
in portfolios, 338–39
student examples, 328, 329
review indexes, 206
review of the literature, 308–13, 317–18
reviewing. See also peer reviews
instructor comments, 76–79
process of, 64–76
research projects, 256–58
revising and, 76–79
revising, 79–86. See also editing; proofreading
design, 86
essay examinations, 334–35
instructor comments for, 76–79
introduction, 81
organization, 80
paragraphs, 82–83
peer review for, 76, 79
plan for, 76–79
Quick Help, 258–59
research projects, 258–59
sentences, 83–85
stages of, 79
Talking the Talk, 65
technology for, 81
thesis and support, 80
title, 81, 254
tone, 86
visuals and media, 86
word choice, 85
revision symbols. See the directory on p. 819
rhetoric, visual, 262
rhetorical analysis, sample student writing, 155–57
rhetorical situation, 23–39 The whole context for a piece of writing, including the person communicating, the topic and the person’s attitude toward it, and the intended audience.
for academic writing, 16–20, 302
for assignments, 25–27
elements of
audience, 30–33
design, 262–63
genre, 14–16, 34–37
kairos (opportune timing), 24–25, 160, 346
language, 37–38, 374–79
length, 26, 36
medium of publication, 14–16, 20–23, 34–37
purpose, 25–27, 28
stance, 28–30
style, 37–38, 358–59
time, 26, 36
tone, 37
topic, 27
formal and informal, 24
for global communication, 354–59
in the humanities, 301
for multimodal texts, 285–86
for online texts, 31, 285–86
for portfolios, 337–39
for research projects, 192–94, 250–51
reviewing drafts for, 64–66
for social writing, 14–16, 24
triangle of, 23–24
for visuals and media, 37
word choice and, 374–79
rhetorical stance. See stance
rise, raise, 577–78, 757
Rogerian argument, 161–62, 181–82
roots, of words, 390–91
running heads (APA style), 453
run-