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a, an (articles), 751
as adjectives, 540
capitalization of, in titles, 733
for multilingual writers, 563–66, 657
with nouns, 535
abbreviations, 736–39
acronyms, 737–38
in APA references, 464
in Chicago notes and bibliography, 500
of company names, 738
in CSE references, 520, 528
in the disciplines, 740
of geographic terms, 738–39
in informal writing, 21, 22
initial, 737–38
Latin, 738
in MLA works cited, 416
of months, 738
periods with, 704–5
Quick Help, 736
for reference information, 738
symbols, 739
Talking the Talk, 378, 740
texting and, 378
for time of day, 737
for titles of persons, 704, 736–37
for units of measurement, 739
with years, 737
abridged dictionaries, 388
absolute concepts, 615–16
absolute phrases, 555, 674–75
abstract words, 85, 380–81
abstracts
APA style, 307, 311, 453
CSE style, 316, 518
of periodical articles, 204, 220–21
academic writing. See also writing projects
assignments for, 25–27
audience for, 25–37, 354–59
authority in, 17–18, 356
clarity and directness in, 18, 357–58
collaborating on, 118–22
in the disciplines, 292–330
ethics and integrity, 245–48, 298
expectations for, 14–22
genres of, 16–17, 297–98
for global communication, 298–99
media for, 20–22
portfolios of, 337–43
purpose for, 28
reading and, 19
research for, 20, 190–260
rhetorical situation for, 16–20, 302
social writing versus, 14–17
stance in, 28–30
standard English for, 368
style for, 16–17
accept, except, 397, 751
accessibility
of media texts, 270
of presentations, 275
of Web sites, 202
accuracy, of sources, 216
acknowledging sources, 179, 241–44. See also plagiarism
acronyms, 737–38
active listening, 19–20
active reading, 19, 124–32, 293. See also critical thinking and reading
active voice, 585–86 The form of a verb when the subject performs the action: Lata sang the chorus.
for conciseness, 663
revising for, 85
shifts to passive, 585, 627
AD, CE, 737
addresses. See also URLs
commas in, 695
numbers in, 741
ad hominem fallacy, 150
adjective, 540, 611–19 A word that modifies, quantifies, identifies, or describes a noun or words acting as a noun.
absolute concepts, 615–16
adverb versus, 540–41, 611
capitalization of, 5, 540, 731–32
comparative (-er forms), 540, 614–16
compound, 10, 747–48, 749
coordinate, 692–93
hyphen with, 10, 747–48, 749
after linking verb, 540, 550, 612
for multilingual writers, 614
noun as, 616
object complement as, 551
participial, 553, 617
with plural noun, 614
positive, 614–15
prepositional phrase as, 552
pronoun as, 600–601
proper, 5, 540, 731–32
Quick Help, 611–12
in sentence map, 536
superlative (-est forms), 540, 614–16
verbal phrase as, 552
word order with, 617–18
adjective clauses
commas with, 690–91
for multilingual writers, 557–58
advanced searches, 203–4, 207
adverb, 540–41, 611–19 A word that qualifies, modifies, limits, or defines a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a clause, frequently answering the question where? when? how? why? to what extent? or under what conditions?
absolute concepts, 615–16
adjective versus, 540–41, 611
comparative (-er forms), 541, 614–16
conjunctive, 544, 639, 693, 700–701
hyphen with, 748
positive, 614–15
prepositional phrase as, 552
Quick Help, 611–12
in sentence map, 537
superlative (-est forms), 541, 614–16
verbal phrase as, 552
adverb clauses, 558
commas with, 690–91
subordinating conjunctions before, 543–44
adverbial particle, 622
advertisements. See visuals and media
advice, advise, 751
affect, effect, 397, 751
African American, 363
African American vernacular, 384, 591, 616
aggravate, 751
agreement The correspondence between a pronoun and its antecedent in person, number, and gender (Mr. Fox and his sister) or between a verb and its subject in person and number (She and Moe are friends).
of pronoun and antecedent, 9, 604–6
of subject and verb, 590–97
alignment, 264
ALL CAPS
in digital texts, 21
in headings, 268
in running heads (APA style), 453
all ready, already, 397, 751
all right, alright, 751
all together, altogether, 751
allude, elude, 751
allusion, illusion, 751
allusions, 384
a lot, 751
almanacs, 202
already, all ready, 397, 751
alright, all right, 751
alternating comparisons, 52
altogether, all together, 751
am. See be, forms of
AM, a.m., 737
ambiguous pronoun reference, 607–8
America, American, 365
Americans with Disabilities Act, 202
American Sign Language, 372
among, between, 751–52
amount, number, 752
an, a. See a, an
analogies
in emotional appeals, 176
as evidence, 357
false, 151
as figures of speech, 383
organizing with, 52
for paragraph development, 105
analysis. See also assignments; critical thinking and reading
of arguments, 140–59
of examination questions, 332
of field research, 211
of literature, 302–3
of rhetorical situations, 23–39
sample student writing, 134–39, 155–57, 303–5
of sources, 211–24
of texts, 133–39
of visuals and media, 135–39, 145–46, 149, 270–71
and. See coordinating conjunctions
AND, in advanced searches, 203
and/or, 752
anecdotes, 81, 113–14
annotated bibliographies, 214–15
annotating texts, 128–32, 225–26, 230. See also note-
antecedent, 538, 598 The noun or noun phrase that a pronoun replaces.
agreement with pronoun, 9, 604–6
ambiguous, 607–8
implied, 609
vague, 4, 608
antithesis, 681–82
any, 594. See also indefinite pronoun
any body, anybody, 752
any one, anyone, 752
anyplace, 752
anything. See indefinite pronoun
anyway, anyways, 752
APA style, 451–92 The citation style guidelines issued by the American Psychological Association.
abstracts, 307, 311, 453
basics of, 451–52
citing sources without models, 459
content notes, 452
integrating sources, 234, 454
in-
directory to, 454
models for, 455–58
long quotations in, 234, 453
manuscript format, 452–54
references
directory to, 459–61
formatting, 458
models for, 461–82
sample research project, 482–92
signal phrases in, 454
source maps
articles from databases, 472–73
articles from print periodicals, 468–69
books, 464–65
reports and long works from Web sites, 476–77
student writing using, 309–13, 482–92
verb tense in, 308, 454, 580
visuals, labeling, 454, 457–58
apostrophes, 708–12
with possessive forms, 535
Quick Help, 709
Top Twenty, 7–8
appeals, in arguments
analyzing, 143–46
audience and, 176–77
bandwagon, 150
emotional (pathos), 143, 175–78
ethical (ethos), 143–44, 165–68
in-
logical (logos), 144–46, 168–75
making, 165–78
for multilingual writers, 144
visual
analyzing, 145–46, 149, 152–53
making, 167–68, 174–75, 177–78
applications for employment, 325–29, 337–43
applied sciences. See sciences, natural and applied
appositive A noun or noun phrase that adds identifying information to a preceding noun or noun phrase: Zimbardo, an innovative researcher, designed the experiment.
commas with, 691
in phrases, 555
pronouns in, 599, 603
apt, liable, likely, 752
Arab, 365
archives, for research, 206
are. See be, forms of
argument, 140–88 A text that makes and supports a claim.
analyzing, 140–59, 217
appeals in (ethos, logos, pathos)
analyzing, 143–46
making, 165–78
arguable statements
acknowledging sources of, 243
analyzing, 147
making, 163
Aristotle’s framework, 143–46, 165, 173
assumptions
analyzing, 148
organizing, 173–74, 181
in working thesis, 164
audience for, 176–77
bias in, 142
circular, 151
classical system, 179–80
common ground, establishing, 166–67
context for, 140, 142–43, 160
counterarguments
addressing, 167, 179–82
synthesizing, 222
credibility
analyzing, 143–44
establishing, 165–68
cultural expectations for, 357
deductive reasoning
analyzing, 146–47
using, 173–74
delivery, 182–83
design for, 167–68, 182–83
elements of, 146–49
evidence
analyzing, 144–48
using, 168–75, 179
fallacies, 149–53
genres for, 182–83
in the humanities, 300–301
inductive reasoning, 173
invitational, 161–62, 181–82
for multilingual writers, 144, 171, 172
in the natural and applied sciences, 316
opposing viewpoints
addressing, 167, 179–82
synthesizing, 222
organizing, 179–82
purpose, 142, 161–63
Quick Help, 141, 161
reading critically, 141–59, 217
reasons, 164, 165, 174, 180
researching, 160, 179
reviewing, 161
Rogerian framework, 161–62, 181–82
sample student essays, 155–57, 183–88
in the social sciences, 308
Talking the Talk, 162
thesis, 164–65
Toulmin’s framework, 146–49, 164–65 , 180–81
visuals in
analyzing, 149, 152–53
using, 167–68, 174–75, 177–78, 182–83
writing, 160–88
Aristotelian argument, 143–46, 165, 173
art, works of
in library collections, 206
as primary sources, 199
articles (a, an, the)
as adjectives, 540
capitalization of, 733
for multilingual writers, 563–66, 657
with nouns, 535
articles from databases. See databases, periodical
articles in periodicals. See periodical articles
as, as if, as though, 382
as, as if, like, 752
as, vague use of, 752
ASL (American Sign Language), 372
assignments
analyzing, 25–27, 191–94
for essay examinations, 332
genres for, 34–36
in the humanities, 302
in the natural and applied sciences, 317–18
in portfolios, 339
for presentations, 272–74
Quick Help, 25–26, 293–94
for research projects, 191–94
Talking the Talk, 26
assistive technologies, 81
association
guilt by, 150
organizing by, 53
assumptions
active reading and, 19, 128
in arguments, 148, 164, 173–74, 181
audience and, 30–33, 33
cultural, 142–43, 354–59
about gender, 361–63
stereotypes and, 360–66
in working thesis, 164
assure, ensure, insure, 752
as to, 752
at, in, on, 620–22
at, where, 759
attitude. See stance
audience
for academic writing, 25–27, 293
analyzing, 14–16, 23–24, 30–33
appealing to, 32–33, 345–46
for arguments, 176–77, 182–83
critical reading and, 128
disabilities and, 33, 366
in the disciplines, 293
for formal writing, 21, 32
global, 354–59
for informal writing, 14–16, 22, 31
for memos, 323
for multimodal texts, 286
for online texts, 14–16, 31, 118–19
for portfolios, 338
for presentations, 272–74
previewing, 125
for public writing, 31, 177, 345–46
reflecting on, 65
for research projects, 192, 250–51
Talking the Talk, 194
tone and, 86
audio. See multimodal text
authority. See also credibility
in arguments, 171–72
cultural expectations about, 356
in the disciplines, 296
establishing, 17–18
false, 150, 171
author listings
APA style, 455–56, 461–63
Chicago style, 496, 498–99, 502
CSE style, 520–21, 524
MLA style, 407–8, 411–12, 414–16
auxiliary verbs, 534, 569–73
missing, 583
for multilingual writers, 570
awhile, a while, 752