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calls for action, 82, 116
can, as helping verb, 534, 570–72
can, may, 753
can’t hardly, 753
can’t help but, 753
capital letters, 730–35
ALL CAPS, 21, 268, 453
APA style, 458, 464, 476
Chicago style, 500, 506, 510
CSE style, 520, 522, 528
missing, 5
MLA style, 418, 422
for multilingual writers, 733
in poetry, 730
for proper nouns and adjectives, 5, 540, 731–32
Quick Help, 731
in sentences, 730
in titles of works, 733
unnecessary, 5, 734
cartoons, 270, 290. See also visuals and media
case, 598–604 The form of a noun or pronoun that reflects its grammatical role: He ate (subjective). His food was cold (possessive). I saw him (objective).
in compound structures, 603
in elliptical constructions, 603
overview, 598–601
Quick Help, 599
Talking the Talk, 600
who, whoever, whom, whomever, 601–2
catalogs, library, 202–6
cause and effect
arguments based on, 172
organizing with, 51
oversimplified, 152
for paragraph development, 104
transitions for, 111
CE, AD, 737
censor, censure, 753
cf. (compare), 738
charts, 153, 174–75, 269. See also visuals and media
cheating, versus collaborating, 119. See also plagiarism
checklists. See Quick Help
Chicago Manual of Style, 493
Chicago style, 493–517 Citation guidelines based on The Chicago Manual of Style.
basics, 493–94
citing sources without models, 498
in-
long quotations in, 234, 495
manuscript format, 494–96
notes and bibliographic entries
directory to, 497
formatting, 495–96
models for, 498–512
sample student essay, 512–17
signal phrases in, 495
source maps
articles from databases, 506–7
books, 500–501
works from Web sites, 510–11
verb tense in, 495
visuals, labeling, 495
choices, writer’s. See rhetorical situation
chronological organization
for paragraph development, 100, 104–5
for résumés, 327
transitions for, 111
for verbal and visual information, 51
chunking, for online texts, 267–68
circular argument, 151
citation-
citation-
citations, in-
cited in, 456. See also quoted in
claim, 163 An arguable statement.
in deductive reasoning, 146–47, 173–74, 180–81
in research project, 239
support for, 147–48
thesis and, 164–65
visual, 149
class discussions, 19–20
classical argument, 179
classification and division
organizing with, 51
for paragraph development, 102
clause, 556–58 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause must be attached to an independent clause.
adjective, 557–58
adverb, 558
commas with, 687–91
in comma splices, 636–40
in fused (run-
nonrestrictive, 689–91
restrictive, 689–91
semicolon with, 688–89, 700–701
as sentence fragment, 646
subordinating conjunction with, 543–44
clichés, 383
climactic order, 276, 679–80
clustering, 42–43
code shifting, 274, 367–73
coherence, 108–11 Also called “flow,” the quality that makes a text seem unified.
coined compounds, 748
collaboration, 118–22. See also peer review
acknowledgment required for, 243, 248–49
in argument, 182
Considering Disabilities, 120
in the disciplines, 298–99, 318
drafting and, 58
for exploring a topic, 46
models for, 120–21
for multilingual writers, 121
planning for, 119–20
reading and, 124–25
Quick Help, 120
Talking the Talk, 119
wikis and, 289
collages, as multimodal texts, 290
collective nouns, 535
agreement with pronouns, 9, 605
agreement with verbs, 593
college writing. See academic writing
colloquial language, 375, 717
colons, 724–25
introducing quotations, 724
introducing series or lists, 702, 724
with quotation marks, 718
color, in design, 266–67
columns, in design, 267–68
commands, 549, 560, 626–27, 675
commas, 686–99
and absolute phrases, 555
in addresses, 695
with adjective clauses, 690–91
with adverb clauses, 690–91
with appositives, 691
for clarity, 697
in compound sentences, 7, 688–89
with contrasting elements, 694
in dates, 694–95
with direct address, 694
with interjections, 694
with introductory elements, 3, 687
with items in a series, 692–93, 698, 702
with nonrestrictive elements, 6–7, 689–90
in numbers, 695
with parentheses, 721
with parenthetical expressions, 693
with participial phrases, 691
with place names, 695
with questions, 694
Quick Help, 686
with quotation marks, 696, 718
with semicolons, 688, 702
with titles of persons, 695
with transitions, 693
unnecessary, 5, 697–98
comma splice, 8, 636–40 An error in formal writing resulting from joining two independent clauses with only a comma.
for multilingual writers, 639
Quick Help, 637
comments
instructor, 11, 76–79
online, citing
APA style, 474
MLA style, 434
peer, 11, 68–79, 257–58
posting online, 21, 118–19
in working thesis, 48
common errors, 1–11. See also Top Twenty
common ground, building
in arguments, 166–67
language for, 32–33, 360–66, 369–71
Quick Help, 361
common knowledge, 242, 243
common nouns, 731–32
communicator, in rhetorical situation, 23
community, language evoking, 369–71
company names
abbreviations of, 738
capitalization of, 732
comparative, 540–41, 614–16 The -er or more form of an adjective or adverb used to compare two things (happier, more quickly).
compare to, compare with, 753
comparison and contrast
for essay examinations, 332
organizing with, 52
for paragraph development, 103–4
comparisons
complete, 615, 657
transitions for, 111
compass points, capitalization of, 734
complement, compliment, 753
complements. See object complements; subject complements
complete comparisons, 615, 657
complete predicates, 550
complete structures, 654–58
complete subjects, 548
complex sentences, 559
compliment, complement, 753
compliments, in peer review, 68, 71
compose, comprise, 753
compound adjectives, 10, 747–48
compound antecedents, 604–5
compound-
compound nouns, 710, 747
compound numbers, 748
compound predicates, 550, 645
compound prepositions, 542
compound sentences, 7, 559, 688–89
compound structures
commas with, 5, 698
inconsistent, 656–57
pronoun case in, 603
compound subjects, 548, 592–93
compound words
apostrophes with, 710
hyphens with, 747–48
possessive, 710
spell checkers and, 4, 395
comprise, compose, 753
conciseness Using the fewest possible words to make a point effectively.
in headings, 268
in online texts, 267, 288–89
in presentations, 276
Quick Help, 661
in sentences, 660–64
conclusions
of arguments, 173–74, 179–81
of presentations, 274–75
questions in, 82, 115, 255
quotations in, 82, 115
of research projects, 255
revising, 81–82
transitions for, 111
vivid images in, 115
concrete words, in argument, 175–76
conditional sentences, 587–88
conjunction, 537, 543–44 A word or words joining words, phrases, or clauses. See coordinating conjunction; correlative conjunction; subordinating conjunction
conjunctive adverb, 541, 544 A word (such as consequently, moreover, or nevertheless) that modifies an independent clause following another independent clause. A conjunctive adverb generally follows a semicolon and is followed by a comma: Thoreau lived simply at Walden; however, he regularly joined his aunt for tea in Concord.
comma with, 693
semicolon with, 639, 700–701
connotation, 86, 364–66, 379–80
conscience, conscious, 753
consensus of opinion, 753
consequently, subsequently, 753
Considering Disabilities
accessibility, 202, 275, 287
American Sign Language, 372
assistive technology, 59, 81
assumptions, 365
audience, 33, 366
collaborative projects, 120
color, 267
description, 177
design, 202, 267, 275, 287
dictation, 41, 198
drafting, 59
freespeaking, 41
presentations, 275
revising, 81
spelling, 399
Web texts, 202, 287
consistency
in design, 265, 267
in headings, 268
Quick Help, 655
in sentences, 654–58
constructive criticism, 67, 71, 121
content notes (APA style), 452
context. See also rhetorical situation
for argument, 140, 142–43, 160
correctness and, 1, 600
cultural, 142–43, 354–59
for reading, 125
for research project, 192–94
for writing, 23–39
continual, continuous, 753
contractions, 711
contrast. See also comparison and contrast
in design, 264
emphasizing, 681–82
transitions for, 111
contrasting elements, commas with, 694
conventions of writing. See genre; standard English
conversations
arguments as, 182
in class, 19–20
online, 14–16
among texts, 118–19, 160
convincing. See argument
coordinate adjectives, 692–93
coordinating conjunctions, 543 The words and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet, which give the same emphasis to both the elements they join: Restaurants are expensive, so I cook.
commas with, 5, 7, 688–89, 698
in compound predicates, 550
in compound sentences, 7, 559, 688–89
in compound subjects, 548
to link clauses, 556–58, 638, 665–66
parallelism with, 6, 632
repetition for, 681
semicolons with, 700–701
subject-
coordination, 665–67
copyrighted materials, 238, 241, 248, 290
correctness, context and, 1, 600
correlative conjunctions, 543 Paired conjunctions (both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, not only . . . but also) used to connect equivalent elements.
in compound predicates, 550
in compound subjects, 548
parallelism with, 632–33
pronoun-
subject-
could, as helping verb, 534, 570–72
could of, might of, 753
counterarguments, 167, 179–82, 222
count noun, 535 A noun referring to something that can be directly counted: women, trees. Contrast with noncount noun.
articles with, 565–66
for multilingual writers, 562, 565–66
course management systems. See digital texts
cover letters
for portfolios, 339–42
for résumés, 325–26
student examples, 326, 340–42
Creative Commons, 241, 290
credentials
of authorities, 171
of authors
critical reading and, 142
in the disciplines, 296
evaluating articles and, 220–21
usefulness of sources and, 215–16
of publishers and sponsors, 215, 218, 220
credibility. See also authority
in academic writing, 17–18
in arguments, 143–44, 165–68
attacks on, 150
establishing, 165–68, 255
in multimodal texts, 286
in online texts, 215, 218–19, 286
of sources, 126, 215–16, 218–21
stance and, 28–29
varieties of English for, 370
criteria, criterion, 753
critical thinking and reading. See also analysis
active reading, 19, 124–32, 293
annotating, 128–32, 225–26, 230
for arguments, 140–59
for business, 322
digital texts, 124–25
for essay examinations, 331–36
in the humanities, 300–301
in the natural and applied sciences, 315–17
previewing, 125–28, 213
print texts, 124–25
Quick Help, 301
reflecting, 133–39
for research, 215–24
reviewing drafts, 64–79
in the social sciences, 306–7
summarizing for, 132–33, 229
Talking the Talk, 126
of visuals and media, 135–36
criticism, constructive, 67, 71, 121
crowd-
CSE style, 518–32 The citation style guidelines issued by the Council of Science Editors.
in-
manuscript format, 316, 518
references
directory to, 521
formatting, 518, 519–20
models for, 520–30
sample student writing, 530–32
source maps
articles from databases, 528–29
books, 522–23
verb tense in, 318
visuals, labeling, 518
cultural contexts, for argument, 142–43
cultures, communication across, 298–99, 354–59
cumulative sentences, 676–77