Part 1: Writing for College and Beyond
1. The Top Twenty: A Quick Guide to Troubleshooting Your Writing
Checklist: The Top Twenty
1 Wrong word
2 Missing comma after an introductory element
3 Incomplete or missing documentation
4 Vague pronoun reference
5 Spelling (including homonyms)
6 Mechanical error with a quotation
7 Unnecessary comma
8 Unnecessary or missing capitalization
9 Missing word
10 Faulty sentence structure
11 Missing comma with a nonrestrictive element
12 Unnecessary shift in verb tense
13 Missing comma in a compound sentence
14 Unnecessary or missing apostrophe (including its/it’s)
15 Fused (run-on) sentence
16 Comma splice
17 Lack of pronoun-antecedent agreement
18 Poorly integrated quotation
19 Unnecessary or missing hyphen
20 Sentence fragment
Checklist: Taking a Writing Inventory
Top Twenty Editing Quizzes
Editing Quiz 1: “Thinking Globally by Eating Locally”
Editing Quiz 2: “Plagiarism in the Age of the Internet”
2. Expectations for College Writing
2a Move between social and academic writing.
Lessons from Informal Writing
2b Position yourself as an academic writer.
Establishing authority.
Being direct and clear.
Exercise 2.1
Checklist: U.S. Academic Style
2c Join class discussions.
2d Read actively.
For Multilingual Writers: Speaking Up in Class
2e Plan research.
2f Use media to communicate effectively.
Best practices for formal messages and posts.
Best practices for informal situations.
Exercise 2.2: Thinking Critically
3. Writing to Make Something Happen in the World
Checklist: Characteristics of Writing That Makes Something Happen
Writing for the real world
3a Decide what should happen.
3b Connect with your audience.
Genre and medium.
Appropriate language.
Timing.
3c Sample writing that makes something happen in the world
Reflective blog post, Thanh Nguyen
Pitch package, Deborah Jane and Jamie Burke
Exercise 3.1: Thinking Critically
Part 2: Writing
4. A Writer’s Choices
4a Write to connect.
4b Make good choices for your rhetorical situation.
Informal and formal rhetorical situations.
4c Plan your text’s topic and message.
Pay attention to what you're interested in
Exercise 4.1
4d Consider your purpose and stance as a communicator.
Purposes for academic assignments.
Stances for academic assignments.
Exercise 4.2
4e Analyze your audience.
Informal and formal audiences.
Appropriate language for an audience
Developing a sense of audience
For Multilingual Writers: Bringing In Other Languages
Considering Disabilities: Your Whole Audience
Exercise 4.3
Exercise 4.4: Thinking Visually
4f Consider other elements of the writing context.
Time and length
Genre, medium, and format.
Tone and style
Exercise 4.5
Exercise 4.6
4g A sample writing situation
Early draft, Emily Lesk
Exercise 4.7: Thinking Critically
5. Exploring, Planning, and Drafting
5a Explore and narrow a topic.
For Multilingual Writers: Stating a Thesis
Brain mapping
Writing processes
Exercise 5.1
5b Develop a working thesis.
Exercise 5.2
Exercise 5.3
5c Gather evidence and do research.
5d Plan and create a draft.
Checklist: Drafting
Exercise 5.4
5e Develop paragraphs.
Unity.
Development.
Coherence.
Checklist: Strong Paragraphs
It’s hard to delete things
You just have to start
Exercise 5.5
Exercise 5.6
5f Review.
Lessons from being a peer reviewer
Lessons from peer review
Practice peer review with Emily Lesk's draft
5g Revise.
Revision happens
Exercise 5.7: Thinking Critically
5h Edit.
Exercise 5.8
Exercise 5.9
Final draft, Emily Lesk
5i Reflect.
Your development as a writer.
Portfolios.
A student’s portfolio cover letter.
Reflective cover letter, James Kung
Analyze formal reflection, James Kung
Analyze informal reflection, Thanh Nguyen
6. Multimodal Assignments
6a Plan online assignments.
Rhetorical considerations of online texts.
Types of online texts.
Features of online texts.
Time management.
Design and organization of online texts.
Checklist: Guidelines for Creating an Online Text
Considering Disabilities: Accessible Web Texts
6b Prepare for presentations.
Considering your assignment, purpose, and audience for presentations.
Making your introduction and conclusion memorable.
Using explicit structure and signpost language.
Choosing words and sentence structures.
Turning writing into a script for presentation.
Speaking from notes.
Using visuals.
Practicing your presentation.
Making your presentation.
Multimedia presentation, Shuqiao Song
Analyze Shuqiao Song's genre choices
Considering Disabilities: Accessible Presentations
Exercise 6.1
Exercise 6.2: Thinking Critically
7. Writing in the Disciplines
7a Reading and writing for every discipline
Checklist: Analyzing an Assignment
7b Academic assignments and expectations
Exercise 7.1
7c Specialized vocabulary
7d Disciplinary style
7e Use of evidence
Exercise 7.2
7f Conventional patterns and formats
7g Ethical issues
7h Collaboration and communication
Working with other people
Exercise 7.3: Thinking Critically
7i Writing for the humanities
Reading texts in the humanities.
Writing texts in the humanities.
Checklist: Guidelines for Reading Texts in the Humanities
Close reading of poetry, Bonnie Sillay
Exercise 7.4: Thinking Critically
7j Writing for the social sciences
Reading texts in the social sciences.
Qualitative and quantitative studies.
Writing texts in the social sciences.
Social sciences research essay, Merlla McLaughlin
Exercise 7.5
Exercise 7.6: Thinking Critically
7k Writing for the natural and applied sciences
Reading texts in the natural and applied sciences.
Writing texts in the natural and applied sciences.
Exercise 7.7
Chemistry lab report, Allyson Goldberg
Exercise 7.8: Thinking Critically
7l Writing for business
Reading texts for business.
Writing texts for business.
Memo, Michelle Abbott and Carina Abernathy
Checklist: Guidelines for Writing Effective Memos
Application letter, Nastassia Lopez
Checklist: Guidelines for Writing Effective Letters
Résumé, Dennis Tyler Jr.
Exercise 7.9: Thinking Critically
8. Making Design Decisions
8a Plan a visual structure.
Print and electronic options.
Design principles.
8b Choose appropriate formats.
White space.
Color.
Paper.
Pagination.
Type.
Spacing.
Considering Disabilities: Color for Contrast
8c Use headings appropriately.
Type size and style.
Consistent headings.
Positioning.
8d Use visuals effectively.
Selecting visuals.
Identifying visuals in your writing.
Analyzing and altering visuals.
Checklist: Using Visuals Effectively
Exercise 8.1
Part 3: Critical Thinking and Argument
9. Reading Critically
9a Preview the text.
Sample preview of an assigned text.
Exercise 9.1
9b Read and annotate.
Sample annotation of an assigned text.
Exercise 9.2
9c Summarize the main ideas.
Sample summary of an assigned text.
9d Analyze the text.
Sample analysis of a text.
Critical analysis, Shuqiao Song
Exercise 9.3
Exercise 9.4: Thinking Visually
Exercise 9.5: Thinking Critically
10. Analyzing Arguments
10a Think critically about argument.
Checklist: Analyzing an Argument
10b Recognize cultural contexts.
10c Identify an argument’s basic appeals.
Emotional appeals.
Ethical appeals.
Logical appeals.
Analyzing appeals in a visual argument.
10d Analyze the elements of argument.
Claims.
Reasons.
Assumptions.
Evidence.
Qualifiers.
Analyzing elements of a visual argument.
10e Think critically about fallacies.
Verbal fallacies
Visual fallacies.
Rhetorical analysis, Milena Ateyea
Exercise 10.1
11. Constructing Arguments
Checklist: Reviewing Your Argument
11a Understand what counts as argument.
Checking whether a statement can be argued.
Exercise 11.1
11b Make a claim and formulate a working thesis
Exercise 11.2
11c Examine your assumptions.
Exercise 11.3
11d Shape your appeal to your audience.
Exercise 11.4
11e Establish credibility through ethical appeals.
Demonstrating knowledge.
Establishing common ground.
Demonstrating fairness.
Visuals that make ethical appeals.
For Multilingual Writers: Counting Your Own Experience
Exercise 11.5
Exercise 11.6
11f Use effective logical appeals.
Examples, precedents, and narratives.
Authority and testimony.
Causes and effects.
Inductive and deductive reasoning.
Exercise 11.7
Visuals that make logical appeals.
Exercise 11.8
11g Use appropriate emotional appeals.
Concrete descriptive details.
Figurative language.
Visuals that make emotional appeals.
Exercise 11.9
Exercise 11.10
11h Consult sources.
11i Organize your argument.
The classical system.
The Toulmin system.
11j Consider design issues
Exercise 11.11
Exercise 11.12: Thinking Critically
11k A student’s argument essay
Argument project, Benjy Mercer-Golden
Analyze evidence, Benjy Mercer-Golden
Part 4: Research
12. Preparing for a Research Project
12a Analyze the research assignment
Researching something exciting
Topic.
Situation.
Exercise 12.1
12b Formulate a research question and hypothesis
Exercise 12.2
12c Plan your research
12d Set up a research log
12e Move from hypothesis to working thesis
Exercise 12.3: Thinking Critically
13. Doing Research
13a Understand different kinds of sources.
Primary and secondary sources.
Scholarly and popular sources.
Older and more current sources.
13b Use the library to get started.
Reference librarians.
Catalogs and databases.
Reference works.
13c Find library resources.
Search options.
Books.
Periodical articles.
Bibliographies.
Other library resources.
13d Search the Internet.
Internet searches.
Bookmarking tools.
Authoritative sources online.
13e Conduct field research.
Interviewing.
Checklist: Conducting an Interview
Observing.
Checklist: Conducting an Observation
Conducting surveys.
Checklist: Designing a Survey Questionnaire
Analyzing, synthesizing, and interpreting data from field research.
Exercise 13.1: Thinking Critically
14. Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
14a Understand the purpose of sources.
14b Create a working bibliography.
Annotated bibliography.
14c Evaluate a source’s usefulness and credibility.
Research: Evaluating sources
14d Read critically, and interpret sources.
Checklist: Guidelines for Examining Potential Sources
Your research question.
The author’s stance and tone.
The author’s argument and evidence.
Evaluating Web Sources
Evaluating Articles
Exercise 14.1
14e Synthesize sources
Synthesis project, Caroline Warner
14f Take notes and annotate sources.
Quoting.
Paraphrasing.
Summarizing.
Annotating sources.
Checklist: Guidelines for Taking Notes
Checklist: Guidelines for Paraphrasing
Checklist: Guidelines for Summarizing
For Multilingual Writers: Identifying Sources
Exercise 14.2
Exercise 14.3: Thinking Critically
15. Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
15a Decide whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize.
Checklist: When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize
15b Integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summaries effectively.
Incorporating quotations.
Incorporating paraphrases and summaries.
Research: Integrating sources
Integrating sources (MLA style)
Integrating sources (APA style)
Exercise 15.1
Exercise 15.2
15c Integrate visuals and media effectively.
15d Check for excessive use of source material.
15e Understand why you should acknowledge your sources.
15f Know which sources to acknowledge.
Materials that do not require acknowledgment
Materials that require acknowledgment.
15g Uphold your academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.
Inaccurate or incomplete citation of sources.
Deliberate plagiarism.
For Multilingual Writers: Plagiarism as a Cultural Concept
Checklist: Avoiding Plagiarism
Research: Avoiding plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism (MLA documentation)
Avoiding plagiarism (APA documentation)
Avoiding plagiarism (Chicago documentation)
Avoiding plagiarism (CSE documentation)
Exercise 15.3: Thinking Critically
16. Writing a Research Project
16a Refine your writing plans.
Developing an explicit thesis.
Testing your thesis.
For Multilingual Writers: Asking Experienced Writers to Review a Thesis
Exercise 16.1
Considering design.
16b Organize and draft.
Organizing by subject.
Outlining.
Drafting.
16c Incorporate source materials
16d Review and get responses to your draft.
16e Revise and edit your draft.
16f Prepare a list of sources.
16g Prepare and proofread your final copy.
Checklist: Guidelines for Revising a Research Project
Exercise 16.2: Thinking Critically
Part 5: Language
17. Writing to the World
17a Think about what seems “normal.”
Checklist: Communicating across Cultures
17b Clarify meaning
17c Meet audience expectations
Expectations about your authority as a writer.
Expectations about persuasive evidence.
Expectations about organization.
Expectations about style.
Exercise 17.1: Thinking Critically
18. Language That Builds Common Ground
Checklist: Using Language That Builds Common Ground
18a Examine assumptions and avoid stereotypes.
18b Examine assumptions about gender.
Exercise 18.1
18c Examine assumptions about race and ethnicity.
Preferred terms.
Age.
Class.
Geographical area.
Physical ability or health.
Religion.
Sexual orientation.
Considering Disabilities: Knowing Your Readers
Exercise 18.2: Thinking Critically
19. Language Variety
Checklist: Language Variety
19a Use standard varieties of English appropriately.
19b Use varieties of English to evoke a place or community.
For Multilingual Writers: Global Varieties of English
19c Use varieties of English to build credibility with a community.
Correctness in context
Exercise 19.1
19d Bring in other languages appropriately.
20. Word Choice and Spelling
Word choice
Checklist: Editing for Appropriate Language and Spelling
20a Choose appropriate formality
Slang and colloquial language.
Jargon.
Pompous language, euphemisms, and doublespeak.
Exercise 20.1
For Multilingual Writers: Avoiding Fancy Language
Exercise 20.2
20b Consider denotation and connotation
20c Use general and specific language effectively
Exercise 20.3
Exercise 20.4
20d Use figurative language effectively
Similes, metaphors, and analogies.
Clichés.
Exercise 20.5
20e Make spell checkers work for you
Common errors with spell checkers
Spell checker use.
Homonyms.
Exercise 20.6
For Multilingual Writers: Recognizing American Spellings
Exercise 20.7
20f Master spelling rules
i before e except after c.
Word endings (suffixes)
Plurals
Considering Disabilities: Spelling
21. Glossary of Usage
Part 6: Sentence Grammar
22. Basic Grammar
22a The basic grammar of sentences
Exercise 22.1
Parts of Speech
22b Verbs
Exercise 22.2
22c Nouns
For Multilingual Writers: Using Count and Noncount Nouns
Exercise 22.3
22d Pronouns
Exercise 22.4
22e Adjectives
For Multilingual Writers: Deciding When Articles Are Necessary
22f Adverbs
Exercise 22.5
22g Prepositions
Exercise 22.6
22h Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions.
Correlative conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions.
Conjunctive adverbs.
Exercise 22.7
22i Interjections
Parts of Sentences
Checklist: Basic Sentence Patterns
22j Subjects
Exercise 22.8
22k Predicates
Linking verbs.
Transitive verbs.
Intransitive verbs.
Exercise 22.9
22l Phrases
Noun phrases.
Verb phrases.
Prepositional phrases.
Verbal phrases.
Absolute phrases.
Appositive phrases.
Exercise 22.10
22m Clauses
Noun clauses.
Adjective clauses.
Adverb clauses.
Exercise 22.11
Exercise 22.12
Types of Sentences
22n Grammatical classifications
Simple sentences.
Compound sentences.
Complex sentences.
Compound-complex sentences.
22o Functional classifications
Exercise 22.13
Exercise 22.14: Thinking Critically
23. Verbs
23a Use regular and irregular verb forms.
Some common irregular verbs
Checklist: Editing the Verbs in Your Writing
Exercise 23.1
23b Use lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise.
Exercise 23.2
23c Use verb tenses.
Special purposes of the present tense.
23d Sequence verb tenses.
Exercise 23.3
Exercise 23.4
23e Use active and passive voice.
23f Use mood effectively.
Exercise 23.5
Exercise 23.6: Thinking Critically
24. Subject-Verb Agreement
Checklist: Editing for Subject-Verb Agreement
24a Check words between subject and verb.
Exercise 24.1
24b Check agreement with compound subjects.
24c Make verbs agree with collective nouns.
24d Make verbs agree with indefinite pronouns.
24e Make verbs agree with who, which, and that.
24f Make linking verbs agree with subjects.
24g Make verbs agree with subjects that end in -s.
24h Check for subjects that follow the verb.
24i Make verbs agree with titles and words used as words.
24j Consider spoken forms of be.
Exercise 24.2
Exercise 24.3: Thinking Critically
25. Adjectives and Adverbs
25a Use adjectives after linking verbs.
25b Use comparatives and superlatives.
Comparatives versus superlatives.
Double comparatives and superlatives.
Absolute concepts.
For Multilingual Writers: Using Adjectives with Plural Nouns
Exercise 25.1
Exercise 25.2: Thinking Critically
26. Modifier Placement
26a Revise misplaced modifiers.
Limiting modifiers.
Squinting modifiers.
Exercise 26.1
26b Revise disruptive modifiers.
Split infinitives.
Exercise 26.2
26c Revise dangling modifiers.
Exercise 26.3
Exercise 26.4: Thinking Critically
27. Pronouns
Checklist: Editing Pronouns
27a Consider a pronoun’s role in the sentence.
In subject complements.
Before gerunds.
With who, whoever, whom, and whomever.
In compound structures.
In elliptical constructions.
With we and us before a noun.
Exercise 27.1
Exercise 27.2
27b Make pronouns agree with antecedents.
Compound antecedents.
Collective-noun antecedents.
Indefinite-pronoun antecedents.
Sexist pronouns.
Exercise 27.3
27c Make pronouns refer to clear antecedents.
Ambiguous antecedents.
Vague use of it, this, that, and which.
Indefinite use of you, it, and they.
Implied antecedents.
Exercise 27.4
Exercise 27.5
Exercise 27.6: Thinking Critically
28. Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
For Multilingual Writers: Judging Sentence Length
28a Separate the clauses into two sentences.
28b Link the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
28c Link the clauses with a semicolon.
28d Rewrite the two clauses as one independent clause.
28e Rewrite one independent clause as a dependent clause.
28f Link the two clauses with a dash.
Exercise 28.1
Exercise 28.2
Exercise 28.3: Thinking Critically
29. Sentence Fragments
29a Revise phrase fragments.
Fragments beginning with transitions.
29b Revise compound-predicate fragments.
Exercise 29.1
29c Revise clause fragments.
Exercise 29.2
Exercise 29.3: Thinking Critically
Part 7: Sentence Style
30. Consistency and Completeness
30a Revise faulty sentence structure.
30b Match subjects and predicates.
Exercise 30.1
30c Use consistent compound structures.
30d Make complete comparisons.
Exercise 30.2
Exercise 30.3: Thinking Critically
31. Coordination and Subordination
31a Relate equal ideas.
Exercise 31.1
31b Distinguish main ideas.
Determining what to subordinate.
Avoiding excessive subordination.
Exercise 31.2
Exercise 31.3
Exercise 31.4: Thinking Critically
Coordination and subordination
32. Conciseness
32a Eliminate redundant words.
32b Eliminate empty words.
32c Replace wordy phrases.
32d Simplify sentence structure.
Strong verbs.
Expletives.
Active voice.
Exercise 32.1
Exercise 32.2
Exercise 32.3: Thinking Critically
33. Parallelism
33a Make items in a series or list parallel.
33b Make paired ideas parallel.
With conjunctions.
Exercise 33.1
Exercise 33.2
33c Use words necessary for clarity.
Exercise 33.3: Thinking Critically
34. Shifts
34a Revise shifts in tense.
34b Revise shifts in voice.
34c Revise shifts in point of view.
34d Revise shifts between direct and indirect discourse.
34e Revise shifts in tone and diction.
Exercise 34.1
Exercise 34.2: Thinking Critically
Verb tense shifts
Part 8: Punctuation and Mechanics
35. Commas
Checklist: Editing for Commas
35a Set off introductory elements.
Exercise 35.1
35b Separate clauses in compound sentences.
Exercise 35.2
35c Set off nonrestrictive elements.
Adjective and adverb clauses.
Phrases.
Appositives.
Exercise 35.3
35d Separate items in a series.
Exercise 35.4
35e Set off parenthetical and transitional expressions.
35f Set off contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions.
Exercise 35.5
Dates.
Addresses and place names.
Exercise 35.6
35h Set off quotations.
Exercise 35.7
35i Avoid unnecessary commas.
Around restrictive elements.
Between subjects and verbs, verbs and objects or complements, and prepositions and objects.
In compound constructions.
In a series.
Exercise 35.8: Thinking Critically
36. Semicolons
36a Link independent clauses.
Exercise 36.1
36b Separate items in a series containing other punctuation.
36c Avoid misused semicolons.
Exercise 36.2
Exercise 36.3: Thinking Critically
Semicolons
37. End Punctuation
37a Use periods.
37b Use question marks.
37c Use exclamation points.
Exercise 37.1
Exercise 37.2: Thinking Critically
End punctuation
38. Apostrophes
38a Signal possessive case.
Plural nouns.
Compound nouns.
Two or more nouns.
Exercise 38.1
38b Signal contractions.
Distinguishing its and it’s.
38c Understand apostrophes and plural forms.
Exercise 38.2
Exercise 38.3: Thinking Critically
39. Quotation Marks
For Multilingual Writers: Quoting in American English
39a Signal direct quotation.
Single quotation marks.
Long quotations.
Poetry.
39b Identify titles of short works and definitions.
39c Use quotation marks with other punctuation.
39d Avoid misused quotation marks.
Exercise 39.1: Thinking Critically
Quotation marks
40. Other Punctuation
40a Use parentheses.
With other punctuation.
40b Use brackets.
Exercise 40.1
40c Use dashes.
Exercise 40.2
40d Use colons.
Misused colons.
Exercise 40.3
40e Use slashes.
40f Use ellipses.
Exercise 40.4
Exercise 40.5: Thinking Critically
41. Capital Letters
For Multilingual Writers: Learning English Capitalization
41a Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
41b Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives.
41c Capitalize titles before proper names.
41d Capitalize titles of works.
41e Revise unnecessary capitalization.
Exercise 41.1
Exercise 41.2
Exercise 41.3: Thinking Critically
42. Abbreviations and Numbers
42a Use abbreviations.
Business, government, and science terms.
With numbers.
In notes and source citations.
Exercise 42.1
42b Use numbers.
Exercise 42.2
Exercise 42.3: Thinking Critically
43. Italics
43a Italicize titles.
43b Italicize words, letters, and numbers used as terms.
43c Italicize non-English words.
43d Italicize names of aircraft, ships, and trains.
43e Use italics for emphasis.
Exercise 43.1
Exercise 43.2: Thinking Critically
44. Hyphens
Checklist: Editing for Hyphens
Compound nouns.
Compound adjectives.
Fractions and compound numbers.
44b Use hyphens with prefixes and suffixes.
44c Avoid unnecessary hyphens.
Exercise 44.1
Hyphens
Part 9: Multilingual Writers
45. Sentence Structure
45a Use explicit subjects and objects.
45b Follow English word order.
45c Adapt structures from genres.
45d Check usage with search engines.
46. Nouns and Noun Phrases
46a Understand count and noncount nouns.
46b Use determiners.
Determiners with singular count nouns.
Determiners with plural nouns or noncount nouns.
46c Use articles.
Using a or an.
Using the.
No article.
47. Verbs and Verb Phrases
47a Build verb phrases.
Putting auxiliary verbs in order.
Forming auxiliary verbs.
47b Use infinitives and gerunds.
47c Use conditional sentences appropriately.
48. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
48a Choose the right preposition.
Know typical examples.
Learn related examples.
Use your imagination.
Learn prepositions as part of a system.
48b Use two-word verbs idiomatically.
Part 10: Documentation
49. MLA Style
49a Understand MLA citation style.
Types of sources.
Parts of citations.
Explanatory notes.
49b Follow MLA manuscript format.
First page and title.
Margins and spacing.
Page numbers.
Long quotations.
Headings.
Visuals.
49c Create MLA in-text citations.
49d Create an MLA list of works cited.
Guidelines for author listings
Print books
Print periodicals
Digital written-word sources
Visual, audio, multimedia, and live sources
Academic, government, and legal sources (including digital versions)
MLA style for in-text citations
MLA style for a list of works cited
Checklist: Formatting a List of Works Cited
Checklist: Combining Parts of Models
Checklist: Formatting Print Periodical Entries
Checklist: Citing Digital Sources
Checklist: Citing Sources without Models in MLA Style
Books
Articles in Print Periodicals
Articles from Databases
Works from Web Sites
49e A sample student research project, MLA style.
MLA-Style project, David Craig
50. APA Style
50a Understand APA citation style.
Types of sources.
Parts of citations.
Content notes.
50b Follow APA manuscript format.
Title page.
Margins and spacing.
Short title and page numbers.
Long quotations.
Abstract.
Headings.
Visuals.
50c Create APA in-text citations.
50d Create an APA list of references
Guidelines for author listings
Print books
Print periodicals
Digital written-word sources
Other sources (including online versions)
APA style for in-text citations
APA style for a list of references
Checklist: Formatting a List of References
Checklist: Combining Parts of Models
Checklist: Citing Digital Sources
Checklist: Citing Sources without Models in APA Style
Books
Articles from Print Periodicals
Articles from Databases
Reports and Long Works from Web Sites
50e A sample student writing project, APA style
APA-style project, Tawnya Redding
51. Chicago Style
51a Understand Chicago citation style.
Types of sources.
Parts of citations.
Title page.
Margins and spacing.
Page numbers.
Long quotations.
Headings.
Visuals.
Notes.
Bibliography.
Chicago style for notes and bibliographic entries
51c Create Chicago notes and bibliographic entries.
Print and digital books
Print and digital periodicals
Online sources
Other sources
Checklist: Citing Sources without Models in Chicago Style
Books
Articles from Databases
Works from Web Sites
51d A sample student research essay, Chicago style
Chicago-style project, Amanda Rinder
52. CSE Style
Title page.
Margins and spacing.
Page numbers.
Abstract.
Headings.
Tables and figures.
List of references.
52b Create CSE in-text citations.
CSE style for a list of references
52c Create a CSE list of references.
Books
Periodicals
Digital sources
Books
Articles from Databases
52d A sample student writing project, CSE style.
CSE-style project, Joanna Hays