| A MAP OF TIME |
|---|
| 1915 | Gandhi returns to India from South Africa |
| 1923–1938 | Turkey’s secular modernization initiated under Kemal Atatürk |
| 1928 | Muslim Brotherhood established in Egypt |
| 1947 | Independence of India/Pakistan |
| 1948 | Establishment of state of Israel; apartheid formally established in South Africa |
| 1949 | Independence of Indonesia; communist victory in China |
| 1955 | Bandung Conference of nonaligned nations |
| 1957–1975 | Independence of African countries |
| 1959 | Cuban Revolution |
| 1960–1970s | Wave of military coups in Africa and Latin America |
| 1973 | OPEC oil embargo |
| 1979 | Revolution in Iran |
| 1980s–1990s | Growth of democratic movements and governments in Africa and Latin America |
| 1988–1989 | Founding of al-Qaeda |
| 1994 | End of apartheid in South Africa; genocide in Rwanda |
| 2011 | Arab Spring in the Middle East |
| 2013 | Turkish young people in Istanbul protest the Islamist and authoritarian trends of the government |
| 2013 | Iran elects a moderate president, raising hopes of agreement with the West on its nuclear program |
| 2014 | Radical Islamist organization Boko Haram captures over 200 schoolgirls in northern Nigeria |
| 2015 | Radical French Muslims in Paris attack a satirical magazine that had lampooned the Prophet Muhammad |