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A
a, an. See also the a vs. an, W: 159, M: 263
choosing, with common nouns, M: 265, 265
defined, M: 260
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 260, 265
needed, S: 134
omission of, S: 134, M: 265
Abbreviations, P: 325
acronyms, P: 326
in APA reference list, APA: 522
common, P: 325
inappropriate, P: 327
Latin, P: 327
in MLA works cited list, MLA: 423
periods with, P: 312, 325
plurals of, P: 306, 327
for titles with proper names, P: 325
for units of measurement, P: 326
abide by (not with) a decision, W: 187
Absolute concepts (such as unique), G: 233
Absolute phrases
commas with, P: 294
defined, B: 347
Abstract nouns, W: 186
Abstracts
in APA papers, C: 62, APA: 522, 527
citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498
in databases, R: 364, 378
keywords and, APA: 522, 527
Academic degrees, abbreviations for, P: 325
Academic writing, A: 71. See also Sample student writing
analysis papers, A: 71
APA papers, APA: 466
argument papers, A: 89
audience for, C: 3, 5
CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 527
e-mail, C: 68
genre (type of writing) and, C: 4, 5
manuscript formats, C: 58, 59, MLA: 462, APA: 498, CMS: 567
MLA papers, MLA: 388
presentations, A: 112
purpose of, C: 3, 5
questions asked in the disciplines, A: 117
reading for, A: 71
research papers, R: 353
speeches, A: 112
writing in the disciplines, A: 117
accept, except, W: 159
according to (not with), W: 187
Acronyms, P: 326
Active listening, A: 117
Active reading. See Reading
Active verbs, W: 174. See also Active voice
Active voice
vs. be verbs, W: 177
changing to passive, B: 344
vs. passive, W: 174, M: 250
shifts between passive and, avoiding, S: 142
verb tenses in, M: 250
and wordy sentences, W: 174
adapt, adopt, W: 159
AD, BC (CE, BCE), P: 326
Addresses. See also URLs
commas with, P: 294
e-mail, P: 320
numbers in, P: 328
ad hominem fallacy, A: 95
Adjective clauses
avoiding repetition in, M: 272
defined, B: 347
punctuation of, P: 290
words introducing, B: 350
Adjective phrases
infinitive, B: 347
introductory, with comma, P: 288
Adjective phrases (continued)
participial, B: 347
prepositional, B: 344
punctuation of, P: 290
restrictive (essential) vs. nonrestrictive (nonessential), P: 290
Adjectives
and absolute concepts, G: 233
and adverbs, G: 230, B: 338
commas with coordinate, P: 289
comparative forms (with -er or more), G: 233
defined, B: 336
after direct objects (object complements), G: 231, B: 344
hyphens with, P: 320
after linking verbs (subject complements), G: 230, B: 342
no commas with cumulative, P: 297
order of, M: 275
with prepositions (idioms), M: 279
superlative forms (with -est or most), G: 233
adopt. See adapt, adopt, W: 159
Adverb clauses
comma with, P: 288
defined, B: 350
no comma with, P: 298
punctuation of, P: 288, 298
words introducing, B: 350, 350
Adverb phrases
infinitive, B: 347
prepositional, B: 344
Adverbs. See also Conjunctive adverbs
and adjectives, G: 230
comparative forms (with-er or more), G: 233
defined, B: 338
introducing clauses, M: 272, B: 350
placement of, M: 274
relative, M: 272, B: 350
repetition of, avoiding, M: 272
superlative forms (with -est or most), G: 233
adverse, averse, W: 159
Advertisements, writing about. See Visual texts
advice, advise, W: 159
affect, effect, W: 159
aggravate, W: 159
Agreement of pronoun and antecedent, G: 217
with antecedents joined by and, G: 219
with antecedents joined by or or nor, G: 219
with collective nouns (audience, family, team, etc.), G: 219
with generic nouns, G: 219
with indefinite pronouns, G: 219
and sexist language, avoiding, G: 217
Agreement of subject and verb, G: 197
with collective nouns (audience, family, team, etc.), G: 201
with company names, G: 204
with gerund phrases, G: 204
with indefinite pronouns, G: 200
with intervening words, G: 197
with nouns of plural form, singular meaning (athletics, economics, etc.), G: 204
standard subject-verb combinations, G: 197, 198
with subject, not subject complement, G: 202
with subject after verb, G: 202
with subjects joined with and, G: 198
with subjects joined with or or nor, G: 200
with the number, a number, G: 202
with there is, there are, G: 202
with titles of works, G: 204
with units of measurement, G: 202
with who, which, that, G: 202
with words between subject and verb, G: 197
with words used as words, G: 204
agree to, agree with, W: 159, 187
ain’t (nonstandard), W: 159
Aircraft, italics for names of, P: 330
Alignment of text (left, right, centered, justified), C: 59, MLA: 462, APA: 522, CMS: 567
all (singular or plural), G: 200
all-, as prefix, with hyphen, P: 320
all ready, already, W: 159
all right (not alright), W: 159
all together, altogether, W: 159
allude, W: 159
allusion, illusion, W: 159
almost, placement of, S: 134
a lot (not alot), W: 159
already. See all ready, already, W: 159
alright (nonstandard). See all right, W: 159
although
avoiding with but or however, M: 272
introducing subordinate clause, B: 340
no comma after, P: 299
altogether. See all together, altogether, W: 159
American Psychological Association. See APA papers
among, between. See between, among, W: 159
amongst, W: 159
amoral, immoral, W: 159
amount, number, W: 159
a.m., p.m., AM, PM, P: 326
am vs. is or are. See Agreement of subject and verb
an, a. See a, an
Analogy
as argument strategy, A: 90
false, A: 90
as paragraph pattern, C: 46
Analysis. See also Analysis papers
critical thinking, A: 71, 82
evaluating sources, R: 364, 364, 372
synthesizing sources, MLA: 407, APA: 485
of visual and multimodal texts, A: 82
of written texts, A: 71, M: 283, R: 370
Analysis papers, A: 71. See also Analysis
and critical thinking, A: 71, 82
drafting, A: 78, 82
evidence for, A: 78
interpretation in, A: 78, 82
judgment in, A: 78, 82, 86
revising, C: 24
sample paper, A: 80
summaries in
balancing with analysis, A: 78, 82, 86
revising, C: 24
writing, A: 75, 75, 86
thesis in, A: 78, 82, 86
writing guide for, A: 82
and
antecedents joined by, G: 219
comma with, P: 287
as coordinating conjunction, S: 131, B: 339
excessive use of, S: 149
no comma with, P: 296, 299
no semicolon with, P: 302
parallelism and, S: 131
subjects joined by, G: 198
and etc. (nonstandard), W: 159
and/or
avoiding, W: 159
slash with, P: 316
angry with (not at), W: 159, 187
Annotated bibliography, R: 386
sample entry (MLA style), R: 387
writing guide for, R: 388
Annotating texts
electronic texts, A: 72, 77
to generate ideas, C: 6, A: 72, R: 372
guidelines for, A: 75
visual or multimodal texts, A: 84
sample annotated visual text, A: 86
written texts, A: 72, 75
sample annotated written texts, A: 72, M: 283, R: 372, MLA: 410
ante-, anti-, W: 159
Antecedent
agreement of pronoun and, G: 217
defined, G: 217, 219, B: 333
pronoun reference, G: 219
singular vs. plural, G: 217
unclear or unstated, G: 219
of who, which, that, G: 202
Anthology or collection
citation at a glance, MLA: 423, CMS: 550
citing, MLA: 414, 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550, 550
anti-, ante-. See ante-, anti-, W: 159
Antonyms (opposites), W: 190
a number (plural), the number (singular), G: 202
anxious, W: 159
any, G: 200
anybody (singular), W: 159, G: 200, 219
anymore, W: 159
anyone (singular), W: 159, G: 200, 219
anyone, any one, W: 159
anyplace, W: 159
anything (singular), G: 200, 219
anyways, anywheres (nonstandard), W: 159
APA papers, APA: 466
abstracts in, C: 62, APA: 522, 527
authority in, R: 364, APA: 477
author note in (optional), C: 61
citation at a glance
article from a database, APA: 498
article in a journal or magazine, APA: 498
book, APA: 498
section in a Web document, APA: 498
citations, in-text
directory to models for, APA: 466
models for, APA: 489
DOIs (digital object identifiers) in, APA: 490, 498, 522
evidence for, APA: 476
footnotes in
formatting, APA: 522
sample, APA: 527
keywords in, C: 62, APA: 522, 527
manuscript format, C: 61, APA: 498
numbers in, C: 62, P: 328
organizing, APA: 476
plagiarism in, avoiding, APA: 477
reference list
authors and dates in, APA: 490
directory to models for, APA: 466
DOIs (digital object identifiers) in, APA: 490
formatting, C: 63, APA: 522
general guidelines for, APA: 490
models for, APA: 490
place of publication in, APA: 490
publisher names in, APA: 490
sample, C: 63, APA: 527
titles in, APA; 490
URLs in, APA: 490
volume, issue, and page numbers in, APA: 490
sample paper, APA: 522
signal phrases in, APA: 483
sources
citing, APA: 477, 489
integrating, APA: 481
synthesizing, APA: 485
uses of, APA: 476
supporting arguments in, APA: 476, 485
tables in
formatting, APA: 522
sample, APA: 527
tenses in, APA: 485, 489
thesis in, APA: 466
title page
formatting, C: 61, APA: 522
samples, C: 61, APA: 522
URLs in, APA: 490, 498, 522
Apostrophes, P: 304
in contractions, P: 304
misuse of, P: 306
in plurals, P: 304
in possessives, P: 304
Appeals, in arguments
ethos (ethical), A: 95, 95, 98, 115
logos (logical), A: 89, 95, 98, 115
pathos (emotional), A: 90, 98, 115
Apposition, faulty, S: 146
Appositive phrases, S: 149, B: 347
Appositives (nouns that rename other nouns)
case of pronouns with, G: 224
colon with, P: 302
commas with, P: 290
dashes with, P: 312
defined, P: 290
no commas with, P: 298
as sentence fragments, G: 238
Appropriate language (avoiding jargon, slang, etc.), W: 178
Apps, citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498
are vs. is. See Agreement of subject and verb
Argument papers, A: 89. See also Arguments, evaluating
appeals in, A: 98
audience for, A: 98
common ground in, A: 98, 101, 106, 112
context in, A: 98, 112
counterarguments in, C: 24, A: 95, 104, 112
credibility in, A: 98, 101
drafting, A: 98, 112
evidence in, A: 98, 102, 112
introduction to, A: 101
lines of argument in, A: 102
oral presentations of, A: 112
purpose in, A: 98
researching, A: 98
sample paper, A: 107
support for, A: 102
thesis in, A: 101, 112
writing guide for, A: 112
Arguments, evaluating, A: 89. See also Argument papers
argumentative tactics, A: 89, 98
assumptions, A: 90
bias, R: 381
claims, A: 90
deductive reasoning, A: 90
ethos (ethical appeals), A: 95, 95, 98
fairness, A: 90
Arguments, evaluating (continued)
generalizations, faulty, A: 89
inductive reasoning, A: 89, 90
logical fallacies, A: 89
logos (logical appeals), A: 89, 95, 115
pathos (emotional appeals), A: 90, 98
Article from a database. See also Articles in periodicals
citation at a glance, MLA: 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
citing, MLA: 423, 423, APA: 498, 498, CMS: 550, 550
keeping records of, R: 370
Articles (a, an, the), M: 260. See also a, an; the
Articles in periodicals. See also Article from a database
abstracts of, R: 364, 378
capitalizing titles of, P: 323, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
citation at a glance, MLA: 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
finding, R: 364, 364, 364
keeping records of, R: 370
previewing, R: 378
quotation marks for titles of, P: 308, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 548, 567
Artwork, italics for title of, P: 329
as
ambiguous use of, W: 159
needed word, S: 134
parallelism and, S: 131
pronoun after, G: 224
as, like. See like, as, W: 159
Assignments
samples of, A: 123
understanding, C: 7, A: 122
Assumptions, in arguments, A: 90
as to, W: 159
at, in idioms (common expressions)
with adjectives, M: 279
vs. in, on, to show time and place, M: 277, 277
with verbs, M: 279, 279
audience. See Collective nouns
Audience
for argument paper, A: 98
assessing, C: 3, 5
and document design, C: 57
for e-mail, C: 4
and genre (type of writing), C: 4
and global (big-picture) revision, C: 28
and level of formality, W: 181
for speech or presentation, A: 114, 117
thesis and, C: 8
Authority, establishing in research papers, R: 364, MLA: 398, 407, APA: 477, CMS: 538
Author note, in APA papers, C: 61
Authors, of sources
in APA reference list, APA: 490
in CMS (Chicago) notes and bibliography, CMS: 550
identifying, R: 381, MLA: 423
in MLA works cited list, MLA: 414, 423
in reposted files, MLA: 423
Auxiliary verbs. See Helping verbs
averse. See adverse, averse, W: 159
awful, W: 159
awhile, a while, W: 159
Awkward sentences, S: 144
B
back up, backup, W: 159
bad, badly, W: 159, G: 232
Bandwagon appeal fallacy, A: 95
Base form of verb, G: 204, B: 336
modal (can, might, should, etc.) with, G: 212, M: 253
in negatives with do, M: 257
BC, AD (BCE, CE), P: 326
be, as irregular verb, G: 204, M: 249
be, forms of, G: 198, M: 249, B: 336
vs. active verbs, W: 177
and agreement with subject, G: 197
in conditional sentences, M: 258
as helping verbs, W: 177, M: 250, B: 336
as linking verbs, W: 177, G: 211, M: 270, B: 342
in passive voice, W: 174, M: 250
in progressive forms, G: 213, M: 250
and subjunctive mood, G: 213
in tenses, G: 206, 213
as weak verbs, W: 177
because
avoiding after reason is, S: 146, W: 159
avoiding with so or therefore, M: 272
introducing subordinate clause, B: 340
not omitting, S: 131
Beginning of essays. See Introduction
Beginning of sentences
capitalizing words at, P: 324
numbers at, P: 328
varying, S: 154
being as, being that (nonstandard), W: 159
beside, besides, W: 159
better, best, G: 233
between, among, W: 159
Bias, signs of, R: 381
Biased language, A: 95, W: 185. See also Sexist language, avoiding
Bible. See Sacred texts (Bible, Qur’an)
Bibliography. See also Reference list (APA); Works cited list (MLA)
annotated, R: 386
CMS (Chicago) style
directory to models for, CMS: 527
formatting, CMS: 567
models for, CMS: 549
sample, CMS: 567
for finding sources, R: 364, 364, 364
working, R: 357, 369
information for, C: 21, R: 370
Block quotation. See Quotations, long
Blog
citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
to explore ideas, C: 8
Body
of essay, C: 17
of speech or presentation, A: 114
Books
capitalizing titles of, P: 323, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
citation at a glance, MLA: 423, 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550, 550
citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
italics for titles of, P: 329, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 548, 567
library catalog for finding, R: 364, 378
previewing, R: 364, 378
Borrowed language and ideas. See Citing sources; Plagiarism, avoiding
both…and, B: 339
parallelism and, S: 131
Brackets, P: 314, MLA: 404, APA: 483, CMS: 543
Brainstorming, to generate ideas, C: 7
bring, take, W: 159
Broad reference of this, that, which, it, G: 219
burst, bursted; bust, busted, W: 159
Business writing, C: 58, 64
e-mail, C: 4
letters, C: 65
memos, C: 67
reports, C: 64
résumés, C: 66
but
avoiding with although or however, M: 272
comma with, P: 287
as coordinating conjunction, S: 131, B: 339
excessive use of, S: 149
no comma with, P: 296, 299
no semicolon with, P: 302
parallelism and, S: 131
as preposition, B: 339
by, not omitting, S: 131
C
can, as modal verb, M: 253, 258, B: 336
can, may, W: 159
capable of (not to), W: 187
capital, capitol, W: 159
Capitalization, P: 322
after colon, P: 303, 324, MLA: 463, APA: 522, CMS: 567
of first word of sentence, P: 324
of Internet terms, P: 323, APA: 498
misuse of, P: 322
of proper nouns, P: 322
in quotations, P: 324
of titles of persons, P: 323
of titles of works, P: 323, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
capitol. See capital, capitol, W: 159
Captions, C: 64, MLA: 463, 466, APA: 522, CMS: 567
Case. See Pronoun case
Catalog, library, R: 364, 378
Causative verbs, M: 260
Cause and effect
as paragraph pattern, C: 46
reasoning, A: 90
CE, BCE (AD, BC), P: 326
censor, censure, W: 159
Central idea. See Focus; Thesis
cf. (“compare”), P: 327
Charts, C: 17, 18. See also Visuals, in documents
Chicago Manual of Style, The, CMS: 536, 548, 549. See also CMS (Chicago) papers
Choppy sentences, S: 149
Citation at a glance
APA style
article from a database, APA: 498
article in a journal or magazine, APA: 498
book, APA: 498
section in a Web document, APA: 498
CMS (Chicago) style
article from a database, CMS: 550
article in a journal, CMS: 550
book, CMS: 550
letter in a published collection, CMS: 550
primary source from a Web site, CMS: 550
MLA style
article from a database, MLA: 423
article in a journal, MLA: 423
book, MLA: 423
selection from an anthology or a collection, MLA: 423
short work from a Web site, MLA: 423
Citations. See Citation at a glance; Citing sources
cited in, for a source in another source, APA: 490. See also quoted in
cite, site, W: 159
Citing sources. See also Integrating sources; Plagiarism, avoiding; Quotations
APA style, APA: 477, 489
choosing a citation style, A: 121
CMS (Chicago) style, CMS: 538, 548
common knowledge, MLA: 398, APA: 479, CMS: 538
in the disciplines, A: 121
MLA style, MLA: 398, 410
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 281, 284
reviewer comments about, C: 24
software for, R: 370
in speeches or presentations, A: 115
Claims. See Arguments, evaluating; Thesis
class. See Collective nouns
Classification, as paragraph pattern, C: 46
Clauses. See Independent clauses; Subordinate clauses
Clichés, W: 188
climactic, climatic, W: 159
Clustering, of ideas, C: 8
CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 527
authority in, R: 364, CMS: 538
authors in, CMS: 550
bibliography, CMS: 548
directory to models for, CMS: 527
formatting, CMS: 567
models for, CMS: 548
sample, CMS: 567
citation at a glance
article from a database, CMS: 550
article in a journal, CMS: 550
book, CMS: 550
letter in a published collection, CMS: 550
primary source from a Web site, CMS: 550
DOIs (digital object identifiers) in, CMS: 549, 550, 567
evidence for, CMS: 537
footnotes or endnotes, CMS: 548
directory to models for, CMS: 527
formatting, CMS: 567
ibid. in, CMS: 549
models for, CMS: 548
sample, CMS: 567
manuscript format, CMS: 567
organizing, CMS: 537
plagiarism in, avoiding, CMS: 538
sample pages, CMS: 567
signal phrases in, CMS: 545
sources in
citing, CMS: 538, 548
integrating, CMS: 542
uses of, CMS: 537
supporting arguments in, CMS: 537
tenses in, CMS: 545
thesis in, CMS: 536
URLs (Web addresses) in, CMS: 549, 550, 567
coarse, course, W: 159
Coherence, C: 46
Collaborative writing. See Reviewers, peer
Collection. See Anthology or collection
Collective nouns (audience, family, team, etc.)
agreement of pronouns with, G: 219
agreement of verbs with, G: 201
College writing. See Academic writing
Colloquial words, W: 181, 190
Colon, P: 302
with appositives (nouns that rename other nouns), P: 302
capitalization after, P: 303, 324, MLA: 463, APA: 522, CMS: 567
for emphasis, S: 154
to fix run-on sentences, G: 241
with greetings and salutations, C: 65, P: 303
between hours and minutes, P: 303
introducing quotations, P: 302, 310
with lists, P: 302
misuse of, P: 303
outside quotation marks, P: 310
with ratios, P: 303
between titles and subtitles of works, P: 303
Combining sentences (coordination and subordination), S: 147
Commands. See Imperative mood; Imperative sentences
Commas, P: 287. See also Commas, unnecessary
with absolute phrases, P: 294
in addresses, P: 294
with and, but, etc., P: 287
between coordinate adjectives, P: 289
before coordinating
conjunctions, S: 149, P: 287
in dates, P: 294
with interrogative tags, P: 294
with interruptions (he writes etc.), P: 290
after introductory elements, P: 288, 310
with items in a series, P: 288
with mild interjections, P: 294
with modifiers, P: 289
with nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements, P: 290
with nouns of direct address, P: 294
in numbers, P: 296
with parenthetical expressions, P: 294
with quotation marks, P: 294, 309
with semicolons, P: 301
to set off words or phrases, P: 290
with titles following names, P: 294
with transitional expressions, P: 290
before which or who, P: 290
with word groups expressing contrast, P: 294
with yes and no, P: 294
Commas, unnecessary, P: 296
between adjective and noun, P: 297
after although, P: 299
after and, but, etc., P: 299
between compound elements, P: 296
before concluding adverb clauses, P: 298
after a coordinating conjunction, P: 299
between cumulative adjectives, P: 297
with indirect quotations, P: 299
in an inverted sentence (verb before subject), P: 299
before a parenthesis, P: 299
with a question mark or an exclamation point, P: 299
with restrictive (essential) elements, P: 298
before or after a series, P: 297
between subject and verb, P: 296
after such as or like, P: 299
between verb and object, P: 296
Comma splices. See Run-on sentences
Comments, on a draft, understanding. See Revising with comments
Comments, on online articles, citing, MLA: 481, APA: 498
committee. See Collective nouns
Common ground, establishing, A: 98, 101, 106, 112, 115, MLA: 398
Common knowledge, MLA: 398, APA: 479, CMS: 538
Common nouns, M: 263, P: 322
Company names
abbreviations in, P: 325, 327
agreement of verb with, G: 204
Comparative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -er or more), G: 233. See also Superlative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -est or most)
compare to, compare with, W: 159
Comparisons
with adjectives and adverbs, G: 233
needed words in, S: 134
as paragraph pattern, C: 46
parallel elements in, S: 131
with pronoun following than or as, G: 224
complement, compliment, W: 159
Complements, object, B: 344
Complements, subject
adjectives as, G: 230, B: 342
case of pronouns as, G: 224
defined, B: 342
and subject-verb agreement, G: 202
Complete subject, B: 341
Complex sentences, B: 353
compliment. See complement, compliment, W: 159
comply with (not to), W: 188
Compound antecedents, G: 219
Compound-complex sentences, B: 353
Compound elements
case of pronoun in, G: 224
comma with, P: 287
needed words in, S: 133
no comma with, P: 296
parallelism and, S: 129
Compound nouns (father-in-law etc.)
plural of, P: 317
possessive of, P: 304
Compound numbers, hyphens with, P: 320
Compound predicate
fragmented, G: 239
no comma in, P: 287, 296
Compound sentences
comma in, P: 287
defined, B: 352
excessive use of, S: 149
semicolon in, P: 300
Compound subjects
agreement of pronoun with, G: 219
agreement of verb with, G: 198
defined, B: 342
Compound verb. See Compound predicate
Compound words
in dictionary entry, W: 190
hyphens with, P: 320
plural of, P: 317
Conciseness, W: 159
Conclusion
in deductive reasoning, A: 90
of essay, C: 20
in inductive reasoning, A: 89, 90
of speech or presentation, A: 114, 117
strategies for drafting, C: 20
Concrete nouns, W: 186
Conditional sentences, M: 257. See also Subjunctive mood
Confused words, W: 187. See also Glossary of usage
Conjunctions, B: 339. See also Conjunctive adverbs
in coordination and subordination, S: 147, 149
to fix run-on sentences, G: 241
Conjunctive adverbs
comma after, P: 290, B: 340
and coordination, S: 147, 149
defined, B: 340
and run-on sentences, G: 241
semicolon with, P: 300; B: 340
Connotation (implied meaning of word), W: 186
conscience, conscious, W: 159
Consistency
in headings, S: 129
in lists, S: 129
in mood and voice, S: 142
in paragraphs, C: 52
in point of view, S: 139
in questions and quotations, S: 143
in verb tense, S: 142
Context, establishing
in APA papers, APA: 485
in argument papers, A: 98, 112
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 545
in MLA papers, MLA: 407
when researching, R: 358, 364
in speech or presentation, A: 114
continual, continuous, W: 159
Contractions
apostrophe in, P: 304
in informal language, W: 181
needed verbs and, G: 211
Contrary-to-fact clauses, G: 217, M: 258
Contrast, as paragraph pattern, C: 46
Contrasted elements, comma with, P: 294
Conventions (standard practices)
of capitalizing titles of works, P: 323
for colons, P: 303
in the disciplines, A: 121
of genres (types of writing), W: 178
for italics, P: 330
for numbers (spelled out vs. numerals), P: 328
in nursing practice papers, A: 123
in science writing, A: 123
in writing about psychology, A: 123
Conversations, academic and research. See also Synthesizing sources; Talking and listening
active reading and, A: 72
arguments and, A: 98
in the disciplines, A: 117
joining, R: 357, 360, 368
in research proposals, R: 368
synthesizing, MLA: 410
and thinking like a researcher, R: 360
Conversing with a text, A: 72, 84
Coordinate adjectives, comma with, P: 289
Coordinating conjunctions
comma before, S: 149, P: 287
coordination and, S: 147, 149
defined, B: 339
to fix run-on sentences, G: 241
no comma with, P: 296, 299
no semicolon with, P: 302
parallelism and, S: 131
Coordination
for combining ideas of equal importance, S: 147, 149
comma and coordinating conjunction for, P: 287
excessive use of, S: 149
to fix choppy sentences, S: 149
to fix run-on sentences, G: 241
and subordination, S: 149
Copies, of drafts, saving, C: 21
Correlative conjunctions
defined, B: 339
parallelism with, S: 131
could, as modal verb, M: 253, 258, B: 336
could care less (nonstandard), W: 159
could of (nonstandard), W: 159
council, counsel, W: 159
Counterarguments
addressing, A: 104, 112
in APA papers, APA: 477
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 538
evaluating, A: 75, 95, R: 381
in MLA papers, MLA: 398
revising for, C: 24
Count nouns, articles (a, an, the) with, M: 263
Country names, abbreviations for, P: 325
couple. See Collective nouns
course. See coarse, course, W: 159
Course materials, citing, MLA: 423, APA: 490, 498
Cover letters, for portfolios, C: 39
Credibility, establishing in research papers, A: 98, 101. See also Authority
criteria, W: 159
Critical listening, A: 117
Critical reading. See Reading
Critical thinking
for analysis, A: 71, 82
about arguments, A: 89
evaluating sources, R: 364, 364, 372
crowd. See Collective nouns
Cumulative adjectives
no comma with, P: 297
order of, M: 275
D
-d, -ed, verb ending, G: 206, 210, M: 250
Dangling modifiers, S: 138
Dashes, P: 312
for emphasis, S: 154
to fix run-on sentences, G: 241
data, W: 159
Database, article from. See Article from a database
Databases, for finding sources, R: 363, 364, 364, 377
Dates
abbreviations in, P: 326, 327
in APA reference list, APA: 490
capitalization of, P: 322
commas with, P: 294
in MLA works cited list, MLA: 423
numbers in, P: 328
Days of the week
abbreviations of, P: 327
capitalization of, P: 322
Deadlines, planning and, C: 5, R: 357, 358
Debates. See Argument papers; Arguments, evaluating
Declarative sentences, B: 353
Deductive reasoning, A: 90
Definite article. See the
Definition
of key terms or concepts, providing, MLA: 398
as paragraph pattern, C: 46
of words, W: 186, 190
Degree (of adjectives and adverbs). See Comparative form of adjectives and adverbs; Superlative form of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees, academic, abbreviations for, P: 325
Demonstrative pronouns, B: 334
Denotation (dictionary definition), W: 186
Dependent clauses. See Subordinate clauses
Description, as paragraph pattern, C: 46
Descriptive word groups. See Adjective phrases; Adverb phrases
Design. See Document design; Visuals, in documents
Detail, adequate, C: 24, 45. See also Development, of ideas; Evidence
Determiners, M: 260
Development, of ideas, C: 17, 24, 28, 45. See also Organization, patterns of
Diagrams, C: 17, 18. See also Visuals, in documents
Dialects, W: 180
Dialogue
paragraphing of, P: 306
quotation marks in, P: 306
Diction. See Words
Dictionaries
guide to use of, W: 190
sample online entry, W: 190
sample print entry, W: 190
different from, different than, W: 159, 188
differ from, differ with, W: 159
Digital file, citing, MLA: 423
Digital object identifier. See DOI (digital object identifier)
Digital sources. See Electronic documents; Web sources
Direct address, commas with, P: 294
Direct language, W: 173
Direct objects
case of pronouns as, G: 224
defined, B: 344
followed by adjective or noun (object complement), B: 344
placement of adverbs and, M: 274
transitive verbs and, B: 344
Directories, to documentation models, MLA: 388, APA: 466, CMS: 527
Direct questions. See Questions, direct and indirect
Direct quotations. See Quotations, direct and indirect
disinterested, uninterested, W: 159
Division, as paragraph pattern, C: 46
Division of words
in dictionary entry, W: 190
hyphen and, P: 320
do, as irregular verb, G: 206
do, forms of
in forming negatives, M: 257
as helping verbs, B: 336
and subject-verb agreement, G: 198
do vs. does. See Agreement of subject and verb
Document design, C: 57
academic manuscripts, C: 58, 59
APA format, C: 61, APA: 498
CMS (Chicago) format, CMS: 567
MLA format, C: 59, MLA: 462
business letters, C: 65
and critical reading, A: 82
e-mail, C: 68
format options, C: 5
genre (type of writing) and, C: 5
headings, C: 60, 62, 67
lists, displayed, C: 67
memos, C: 67
model documents, C: 57
reports, C: 64
résumés, C: 66
visuals, C: 17, 64
Documenting sources. See also Integrating sources; Plagiarism, avoiding; Quotations
APA style, APA: 477, 489
choosing a citation style, A: 121
CMS (Chicago) style, CMS: 538, 548
common knowledge, MLA: 398, APA: 479, CMS: 538
in the disciplines, A: 121
MLA style, MLA: 398, 410
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 281, 284
reviewer comments about, C: 24
software for, R: 370
in speeches or presentations, A: 115
does vs. do. See Agreement of subject and verb
DOI (digital object identifier), APA: 490, 498, 522, CMS: 549, 550, 567
don’t vs. doesn’t, W: 159. See also Agreement of subject and verb
Dots, ellipsis. See Ellipsis mark
Double comparatives and superlatives, avoiding, G: 233
Double-entry notebook, A: 72, 84
Double negatives, avoiding, G: 233, M: 257
Doublespeak, avoiding, W: 179
Double subjects, avoiding, M: 272
Draft, comments on. See Revising with comments
Drafting
analysis papers, A: 78, 82
annotated bibliographies, R: 388
argument papers, A: 112
body, C: 17
conclusion, C: 20
introduction, C: 14
literacy narratives, C: 38
portfolio cover letters, C: 43
and saving files, C: 21, 39
thesis, C: 8, 14
Drawing conclusions (deductive reasoning), A: 90
Dropped quotation, avoiding, MLA: 407, APA: 485, CMS: 545
due to, W: 159
E
each (singular), W: 159, G: 200, 219
E-books, citing, MLA: 423, 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
economics (singular), G: 204
-ed, verb ending, G: 206, 210, M: 250
Editing log, C: 24, 30
Editing sentences, C: 30
effect. See affect, effect, W: 159
Effect. See Cause and effect
e.g. (“for example”), W: 159, P: 327
either (singular), W: 159, G: 200, 219
either . . . or
and parallelism, S: 131
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, G: 219
and subject-verb agreement, G: 200
either . . . or fallacy, A: 90
-elect, hyphen with, P: 320
Electronic documents. See also Web sources
annotated bibliographies, R: 388
annotating, A: 72, 77
avoiding plagiarism from, R: 372
double-entry notebooks, A: 72
e-mail messages, C: 4, 68
managing, C: 21
portfolios, C: 42
reading, A: 77
elicit, illicit, W: 159
Ellipsis mark
in arguments, A: 98
for deleted lines of poetry, P: 314
for omissions in sources, P: 314, MLA: 404, APA: 483, CMS: 543
Elliptical clause, dangling, S: 139
addresses, division of, P: 320
audience for, C: 4
effective, C: 4, 68
formatting, C: 68
italics in, P: 329
emigrate from, immigrate to, W: 159
eminent, imminent, W: 159
Emotional appeals (pathos), in argument, A: 90, 98, 115
Emphasis, S: 147
active verbs for, W: 174
choppy sentences and, S: 149
colon for, S: 154, P: 302
dash for, S: 154, P: 312
exclamation point for, S: 154, P: 312
parallel structure and, S: 153
sentence endings for, S: 153
subordinating minor ideas for, S: 152
Enc. (“enclosure”), in business writing, C: 65
Ending. See Conclusion
Endnotes. See Footnotes or endnotes
End punctuation, P: 312
English as a second language (ESL). See Multilingual writers
enough, with infinitive, M: 260
enthused, W: 159
-er ending (faster, stronger), G: 233
Errors
identifying, C: 30
sic for, MLA: 404, APA: 483, CMS: 543
ESL (English as a second language). See Multilingual writers
especially, and sentence fragments, G: 239
-es, -s
spelling rules, for plurals, P: 317, 327
as verb ending, G: 197, 198, 209
Essays. See also Sample student writing
adapting for a speech or presentation, A: 117
drafting, C: 14
editing, C: 30
planning, C: 3
researching, R: 353
reviewing, C: 22
revising, C: 28
saving drafts of, C: 21
-est ending (fastest, strongest), G: 233
et al., P: 327, MLA: 414, 423, APA: 490, CMS: 550
etc., W: 159, P: 327
Ethos (ethical appeals), in arguments, A: 95, 95, 98, 115
Etymology, W: 190
Euphemisms, avoiding, W: 179
Evaluating arguments. See Arguments, evaluating
Evaluating sources, R: 364, 364, 372
even, placement of, S: 134
eventually, ultimately, W: 159
everybody, everyone, everything (singular), W: 159, G: 200, 219
everyone, every one, W: 159
Evidence
adding for support, C: 24
in analysis papers, A: 78
in APA papers, APA: 476
in argument papers, A: 98, 102, 112, 121
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 537
in MLA papers, MLA: 397
for papers in the disciplines, C: 7, A: 121
in speeches or presentations, A: 114
ex-, hyphen with, P: 320
Exact language, W: 185
Examples
as evidence, C: 24, A: 104
as paragraph pattern, C: 46
as sentence fragments, G: 239
except. See accept, except, W: 159
Excerpts, of articles and books, online, R: 378
Exclamation points, P: 312
with in-text citations, P: 310, MLA: 414
no comma with, P: 299
with quotation marks, P: 310
Exclamations (interjections), P: 294, 312, B: 340
Exclamatory sentence, B: 353
expect, W: 159
Expert opinion, using as support, A: 104
Explaining a point, C: 24
Expletives there, it
and subject following verb, M: 270, B: 342
and subject-verb agreement, G: 202
and wordy sentences, W: 174
explicit, implicit, W: 159
Expressions
idiomatic (common), W: 187, M: 277
parenthetical, P: 294
regional, W: 180
transitional, P: 290, 300
trite or worn-out (clichés), W: 188
F
Facebook. See Social media, citing
Facts
in APA papers, APA: 477, 485
in argument papers, A: 102
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 537, 545
in MLA papers, MLA: 397, 407, 410
scientific, and verb tense, G: 213
Fairness, in arguments, A: 90, 104
Fallacies, logical
ad hominem, A: 95
bandwagon appeal, A: 95
biased language, A: 95
either . . . or fallacy, A: 90
false analogy, A: 90
hasty generalization, A: 90
non sequitur, A: 90
post hoc fallacy, A: 90
red herring, A: 95
stereotype, A: 90
straw man, A: 95
transfer, A: 95
False analogy, A: 90
family. See Collective nouns
farther, further, W: 159
Faulty apposition, S: 146
Faulty predication, S: 146
Feedback, giving and using, C: 22. See also Reviewers, peer; Revising with comments
fewer, less, W: 159
Field research, R: 364
Figures. See Numbers; Visuals, in documents
Figures of speech, W: 188
Files, managing, C: 21, 39
finalize, W: 159
firstly, W: 159
First-person point of view
consistency with, S: 139
in literacy narratives, C: 37
in reflective letters for portfolios, C: 42
revising for, C: 29
Flow (coherence), C: 46
Flowcharts, C: 17, 18. See also Visuals, in documents
Focus. See also Thesis
of argument paper, A: 101
of essay, C: 8, 14, 28, 29
of paragraph, C: 43
of research paper, R: 358
Footnotes or endnotes
APA style, APA: 522, 527
CMS (Chicago) style, CMS: 548
directory to models for, CMS: 527
models for, CMS: 548
sample, CMS: 567
MLA style, MLA: 423
for
comma before, P: 287
as coordinating conjunction, S: 131, B: 339
parallelism and, S: 131
as preposition, B: 339
Foreign words, italics for, P: 330
for example
no colon after, P: 303
and sentence fragments, G: 239
Formality, level of, W: 181
Formal outline, C: 13, A: 72, 75. See also Informal outline
Format. See Document design; Manuscript formats
Fractions
hyphens with, P: 320
numerals for, P: 328
Fragments, sentence
acceptable, G: 239
clauses as, G: 235
for emphasis or effect, G: 239
examples as, G: 239
finding and recognizing, G: 235
fixing, G: 235
lists as, G: 239
phrases as, G: 238
predicates as, G: 239
testing for, G: 235
Freewriting, C: 8
further. See farther, further, W: 159
Fused sentences. See Run-on sentences
Future perfect tense, G: 213
Future progressive forms, G: 213
Future tense, G: 213, M: 250, 253
G
Gender, and pronoun agreement, G: 217
Gender-neutral language, W: 183, G: 217
Generalization, hasty, A: 90
Generic he, W: 159, 183, G: 219
Generic nouns, G: 219
Genre (type of writing)
and document design, C: 5
and language, W: 178
of multimodal texts, A: 84
purpose and, C: 4, 5
Geographic names, the with, M: 269
Gerunds
defined, B: 347
following prepositions, M: 277
following verbs, M: 258
phrases, agreement of verb with, G: 204
possessives as modifiers of, G: 224
get, W: 159
Global (big-picture) revisions, C: 28. See also Revising with comments
Glossary of usage, W: 159
good, well, W: 159, G: 232
Government documents
citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
as evidence, A: 122
graduate, W: 159
Grammar, mixed. See Mixed constructions
Graphic narrative, citing, MLA: 423
Graphs, C: 17, 18, MLA: 466. See also Visuals, in documents
Greetings and salutations, colon with, C: 65, P: 303
grow, W: 159
Guides to writing. See Writing guides
H
Handouts (course materials), citing, MLA: 423
hanged, hung, W: 159
hardly, W: 159
avoiding double negative with, G: 233
placement of, S: 134
has got, have got, avoiding, W: 159
Hasty generalization, A: 90
has vs. have, G: 198. See also Agreement of subject and verb
have, as irregular verb, G: 206
have, forms of
as helping verbs, M: 250, 250, B: 336
and passive voice, M: 250
and perfect tenses, M: 250, 253
and subject-verb agreement, G: 198
have got, has got, avoiding, W: 159
have vs. has, G: 198. See also Agreement of subject and verb
Headings
in APA papers, APA: 476, 522
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 537, 567
in document design, C: 60, 62, 67
in MLA papers, MLA: 463
to organize ideas, APA: 476, CMS: 537
parallel phrasing of, S: 129
planning with, APA: 476, CMS: 537
he, him, his, sexist use of, W: 159, 183, G: 219
Helping verbs
contractions with, G: 211
defined, G: 212, B: 336
and forming passive voice, G: 206, M: 250
and forming perfect tenses, G: 206, 213, 213, M: 250, 253
and forming verb tenses, G: 206, M: 250, 253
modals (can, might, should, etc.), G: 212, M: 253, B: 336
needed, G: 211
and progressive forms, M: 250, 253
here, not used as subject, M: 270
her vs. she, G: 223
he/she, his/her, W: 159, P: 316
he vs. him, G: 223
he writes, she writes, comma with, P: 294, 310
hisself (nonstandard), W: 159
Homophones (words that sound alike), P: 318
Hook, in introduction, C: 16, 23, A: 114
hopefully, W: 159
however
avoiding with but or although, M: 272
however (continued)
at beginning of sentence, W: 159
comma with, P: 290
semicolon with, P: 300
“How to” boxes
citing a source reposted from another source, MLA: 423
citing course materials, MLA: 423
identifying authors, MLA: 423
HTML documents, as sources, R: 378
Humanities, writing in, A: 117. See also CMS (Chicago) papers; MLA papers
hung. See hanged, hung, W: 159
Hyphens, P: 320
with adjectives, P: 320
to avoid confusion, P: 320
in compound words, P: 320
and division of words, P: 320
in e-mail addresses, P: 320
to form dash, P: 312
in fractions, P: 320
in numbers, P: 320
with prefixes and suffixes, P: 320
in URLs, P: 320, MLA: 463, 463, APA: 490, 522, CMS: 549, 550, 567
I
I
vs. me, G: 223
point of view, C: 29, 37, 39
shifts with you, he, or she, avoiding, S: 139
ibid. (“in the same place”), CMS: 549
Idioms (common expressions)
adjective + preposition combinations, M: 279
with prepositions showing time and place (at, on, in, etc.), M: 277, 277
standard, W: 187
verb + preposition combinations, M: 279, 279
i.e. (“that is”), W: 159, P: 327
-ie, -ei, spelling rule, P: 316
if clauses
conditional sentences, M: 257
contrary to fact (subjunctive), G: 217
if, whether, W: 159
illicit. See elicit, illicit, W: 159
illusion. See allusion, illusion, W: 159
Illustrated work, citing, MLA: 423
Illustrations (examples). See also Visuals, in documents
as evidence, A: 104
as paragraph pattern, C: 46
Images. See Visuals, in documents; Visual texts
immigrate. See emigrate from, immigrate to, W: 159
imminent. See eminent, imminent, W: 159
immoral. See amoral, immoral, W: 159
Imperative mood, G: 213
Imperative sentences
defined, B: 342, 353
you understood in, M: 270, B: 342
implement, W: 159
implicit. See explicit, implicit, W: 159
Implied meaning of word (connotation), W: 186
imply, infer, W: 159
in, in idioms (common expressions)
with adjectives, M: 279
vs. at, on, to show time and place, M: 277, 277
with verbs, M: 279, 279
including, no colon after, P: 303
Inclusive language, W: 183, G: 217
Incomplete comparison, S: 134
Incomplete construction, S: 131
Incomplete sentences. See Fragments, sentence
Indefinite articles. See a, an
Indefinite pronouns
agreement of verb with, G: 200
as antecedents, G: 219
apostrophe with, P: 304
defined, B: 334
Indenting
in APA reference list, C: 63, APA: 522
in CMS (Chicago) bibliography, CMS: 567
in CMS (Chicago) notes, CMS: 567
of long quotations, P: 308
APA style, APA: 483, 522, 527
CMS (Chicago) style, CMS: 541, 543, 567, 567
MLA style, C: 59, MLA: 404, 463, 466
no quotation marks with, P: 308
in MLA works cited list, C: 60, MLA: 463
in outlines, C: 14
Independent clauses
colon between, P: 303
combined with subordinate clauses, B: 353
and comma with coordinating conjunction, P: 287
defined, B: 352
and run-on sentences, G: 241
semicolon between, P: 300
Indexes to periodical articles. See Databases, for finding sources
Indicative mood, G: 213
Indirect objects
case of pronouns as, G: 224
defined, B: 344
Indirect questions
no question mark after, P: 312
shifts to direct questions, avoiding, S: 143
Indirect quotations
no comma with, P: 299
shifts to direct quotations, avoiding, S: 143
Inductive reasoning, A: 89, 90
infer. See imply, infer, W: 159
Infinitive phrases, B: 347
Infinitives
case of pronouns with, G: 224
dangling, S: 139
following verbs, M: 258
marked (with to), M: 258, 277
and sequence of tenses, G: 213
split, S: 138
subject of, objective case for, G: 224
to, infinitive marker vs. preposition, M: 277
with too and enough, M: 260
unmarked (without to), M: 260
Inflated phrases, W: 173
Infographics, C: 18. See also Visuals, in documents; Visual texts
Informal language, W: 181
Informal outline, C: 13, A: 84. See also Formal outline
Information, for essay
finding, R: 353
managing, R: 369
sources of, C: 5
working bibliography, R: 369
Information notes (MLA), MLA: 423
-ing verb ending. See Gerunds; Present participles
in, into, W: 159
in regards to, W: 159
Inserted material, in quotations. See Brackets
Institutional review board (IRB), for research subjects, R: 364
Instructor’s comments, revising with. See Revising with comments
Integrating sources
in APA papers, APA: 481
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 542
in MLA papers, MLA: 402
in speeches and presentations, A: 115
intend to do (not on doing), W: 188
Intensive pronouns, B: 334
Interjections (exclamations), P: 294, 312, B: 340
Internet. See also URLs; Web sources
avoiding plagiarism from, R: 372, 372
capitalization of terms for, P: 323, APA: 498
reading on, A: 77
searching, R: 364, 364, 364
Interpretation
in analysis papers, A: 78
different perspectives and, A: 75
of visual and multimodal texts, A: 82
of written texts, A: 71
Interrogative pronouns
defined, B: 334
who, whom, G: 224
Interrogative sentences, B: 353
Interrogative tags (questions), commas with, P: 294
Interruptions, commas with, P: 290
Interviews, as information source, R: 364
In-text citations. See also Integrating sources
APA style
directory to models for, APA: 466
models for, APA: 489
CMS (Chicago) style
directory to models for, CMS: 527
models for, CMS: 548
MLA style
directory to models for, MLA: 388
models for, MLA: 413
periods with, P: 309
into. See in, into, W: 159
Intransitive verbs
defined, B: 344
not used in passive voice, M: 253
Introduction. See also Thesis
of argument paper, A: 101
of essay, C: 14
hook in, C: 16, 23
to portfolio, C: 38
revising, C: 23
of speech or presentation, A: 114, 117
strategies for drafting, C: 16
Introductory word groups, comma with, P: 288
Invented words, avoiding, W: 180
Inverted sentence order
for emphasis, S: 153
with expletives there, it, G: 202, M: 270, B: 342
no comma with, P: 299
and position of subject, B: 342
in questions, B: 342
and subject-verb agreement, G: 202
for variety, S: 156
IRB (institutional review board), for research subjects, R: 364
irregardless (nonstandard), W: 159
Irregular verbs, G: 206
be, am, is, are, was, were, G: 206
do, does, G: 206
have, has, G: 206
lie, lay, W: 159, G: 209
list of, G: 206
Issue and volume numbers, in APA reference list, APA: 490
is vs. are. See Agreement of subject and verb
is when, is where, avoiding, S: 146, W: 159
it
broad reference of, G: 219
as expletive (placeholder), M: 270
indefinite use of, G: 223
as subject of sentence, M: 270
Italics, P: 329
in e-mail, P: 329
for foreign words, P: 330
for names of ships, spacecraft, and aircraft, P: 330
for titles of works, P: 329, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 548, 567
for words as words, P: 330
its, it’s, W: 159, P: 304, 306, 318
J
Jargon, avoiding, W: 178
Journal, keeping a, C: 8
Journalist’s questions, C: 6
Journals. See Periodicals
Judgment, in analysis papers, A: 78, 82, 86
jury. See Collective nouns
just, placement of, S: 134
K
Key words
and APA abstracts, C: 62, APA: 522, 527
defining for readers, MLA: 398
repeating for coherence, C: 52, A: 115
kind(s), W: 159
kind of, sort of, W: 159
L
Labels for visuals. See Captions
Lab report, sample assignment and excerpt, A: 123
Language. See also Tone; Words
appropriate, W: 178
biased, avoiding, A: 95, W: 185
borrowed. See Citing sources; Plagiarism, avoiding
clichés, avoiding, W: 188
colloquial, W: 181, 190
direct, W: 173
doublespeak, avoiding, W: 179
euphemisms, avoiding, W: 179
exact, W: 185
formality of, W: 181
idioms (common expressions), W: 187
invented, avoiding, W: 180
jargon, A: 121, W: 178
nonstandard English, avoiding, W: 180
obsolete, avoiding, W: 180
offensive, avoiding, W: 185
plain, W: 178
pretentious, avoiding, W: 179
regionalisms, avoiding, W: 180
sexist, avoiding, W: 183
slang, avoiding, W: 180
specialized, A: 121
wordy, W: 159
Latin abbreviations, P: 327
lay, lie; laying, lying, W: 159, G: 209
Layout of documents. See Document design
lead, led, W: 159
learn, teach, W: 159
leave, let, W: 159
Length
of paper, C: 5
of paragraph, C: 52
less. See fewer, less, W: 159
let. See leave, let, W: 159
Letter in a published collection, CMS: 550
citation at a glance, CMS: 550
Letters, writing
for business, C: 65
for a portfolio, C: 42
Letters of the alphabet
capitalizing, P: 322
italics for, P: 330
plural of, P: 306
liable, W: 159
Library resources. See also Internet; Web sources
articles in periodicals, R: 364, 364
bibliographies, R: 364, 364
books, R: 364, 364, 378
reference librarians, R: 360, 363
scholarly citations, R: 364, 364, 364
Web page, library, R: 363
lie, lay; lying, laying, W: 159, G: 209
like
no comma after, P: 299
and sentence fragments, G: 239
like, as, W: 159
Limiting modifiers (only, almost, etc.), S: 134
Line spacing, MLA: 462, APA: 522, CMS: 567, 567
and document design, C: 69, 63, 65
Linking verbs
adjective after, G: 230, B: 342
defined, B: 342
omission of, G: 211, M: 270
pronoun after, G: 224
Listening, A: 115, 117. See also Talking and listening
Listing ideas, C: 7
List of sources. See Bibliography, CMS (Chicago) style; Reference list (APA); Works cited list (MLA)
Lists. See also Series
with colon, P: 302
with dash, P: 314
and document design, C: 67
as fragments, G: 239
parallelism and, S: 129
Literacy narrative, C: 31
sample student writing, C: 35
writing guide for, C: 37
Literary present tense, A: 123, S: 142, G: 213
Literature review, sample paper, APA: 522
Logic
analogies, A: 90
cause-and-effect reasoning, A: 90
deductive reasoning, A: 90
fallacies, A: 89
ad hominem, A: 95
bandwagon appeal, A: 95
biased language, A: 95
either . . . or fallacy, A: 90
false analogy, A: 90
hasty generalization, A: 90
non sequitur, A: 90
post hoc fallacy, A: 90
red herring, A: 95
stereotype, A: 90
straw man, A: 95
transfer, A: 95
inductive reasoning, A: 89, 90
logos (rational appeals), A: 89, 95, 98, 115
of sentences, S: 146
Logos (logical appeals), in arguments. See Logic
Logs
editing, C: 24, 30
reading, A: 72
research, R: 357, 360, 363
loose, lose, W: 159
lots, lots of, W: 159
-ly ending on adverbs, G: 230, P: 320
lying vs. laying, G: 209
M
Magazines. See Periodicals
Main clauses. See Independent clauses
Main point. See Focus; Thesis; Topic sentence
Main verbs, M: 249, B: 336
with modals (can, might, should, etc.), G: 212, M: 253
man, sexist use of, W: 183
mankind, sexist use of, W: 159, 183
Manuscript formats. See also Document design
academic formats, C: 58, 59
APA style, C: 61, APA: 498
CMS (Chicago) style, CMS: 567
MLA style, C: 59, MLA: 462
business and professional formats, C: 58, 64
Mapping. See Clustering, of ideas; Outlines
Maps, C: 17, 18. See also Visuals, in documents
Margins, C: 59, 63, MLA: 462, APA: 522, CMS: 567
Mass (noncount) nouns, M: 263
mathematics (singular), G: 204
may. See can, may, W: 159
may, as modal verb, M: 253, 258, B: 336
maybe, may be, W: 159
may of, might of (nonstandard), W: 159
Meaning, finding in a text, A: 78, 82, M: 283, R: 370
measles (singular), G: 204
Measurement, units of
abbreviations for, P: 326
and agreement of subject and verb, G: 202
media, medium, W: 159
Medium of publication, in works cited list, MLA: 423
Memos, C: 67
Metaphor, W: 188
me vs. I, G: 223
might, as modal verb, M: 253, 258, B: 336
might of. See may of, might of, W: 159
Minor ideas. See Subordination
Misplaced modifiers, S: 134. See also Modifiers
Missing claims, in arguments, A: 90
Missing words. See Needed words
Misspelled words, common, P: 318
Misuse of words, W: 187, 190
Mixed constructions
illogical connections, S: 146
is when, is where, S: 146, W: 159
mixed grammar, S: 144
reason . . . is because, S: 146
Mixed metaphors, W: 188
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, MLA: 410, 462
MLA papers, MLA: 388
authority in, R: 364, MLA: 398, 407
citation at a glance
article from a database, MLA: 423
article in a journal, MLA: 423
book, MLA: 423
MLA papers (continued)
citation at a glance (continued)
selection from an anthology or a collection, MLA: 423
short work from a Web site, MLA: 423
citations, in-text
directory to models for, MLA: 388
models for, MLA: 413
evidence for, MLA: 397
information notes (optional), MLA: 423
manuscript format, C: 59, MLA: 462
organizing, MLA: 397
plagiarism, avoiding, MLA: 398
sample papers
analysis, A: 80
argument, A: 107
research, MLA: 463
signal phrases in, MLA: 404
sources in
citing, MLA: 398, 410
integrating, MLA: 402
synthesizing, MLA: 407
uses of, MLA: 397
supporting arguments in, MLA: 397, 407
tenses in, MLA: 404
thesis in, MLA: 388
visuals in
formatting, MLA: 463
sample figure, MLA: 466
works cited list
authors and titles in, MLA: 414, 423
dates in, MLA: 423
directory to models for, MLA: 388
formatting, C: 60, MLA: 463
general guidelines for, MLA: 423
medium of publication in, MLA: 423
models for, MLA: 414
page numbers in, MLA: 423
place of publication in, MLA: 423
publishers in, MLA: 423
sample, A: 107, MLA: 466
URLs in, MLA: 423, 423, 463
Modal verbs (can, might, should, etc.), G: 212, M: 253, B: 336. See also Helping verbs
Model documents, gallery of, C: 57
Modern Language Association. See MLA papers
Modes. See Multimodal texts; Organization, patterns of
Modifiers
adjectives as, G: 230, B: 336
adverbs as, G: 230, B: 338
commas with, P: 289
dangling, S: 138
essential and nonessential, P: 290
of gerunds, G: 224
limiting, S: 134
misplaced, S: 134
redundant, W: 159
split infinitives: S: 138
squinting, S: 136
Money
abbreviations for, P: 326
numerals for, P: 329
Mood of verbs, G: 213. See also Conditional sentences
shifts in, avoiding, S: 142
more, most (comparative, superlative), G: 233
moreover
comma with, P: 290
semicolon with, P: 300
most, W: 159
Motive. See Purpose in writing; Writing situation
Multilingual writers, M: 241
adjectives, M: 275
adjectives and adverbs, placement of, M: 275
articles (a, an, the), M: 260
idioms (common expressions), M: 277
omitted subjects or expletives, M: 270
omitted verbs, M: 270
nouns, types of, M: 263, 263
paraphrasing sources, M: 279
participles, present vs. past, M: 275
prepositions
with adjectives, M: 279
with nouns and -ing forms, M: 277
to show time and place (at, in, on, etc.), M: 277, 277
with verbs, M: 279, 279
repeated objects or adverbs, S: 149, M: 272
repeated subjects, S: 143, M: 272
sentence structure, M: 270, 281
verbs
active voice, M: 250
conditional, M: 257
forms of, M: 249
with gerunds or infinitives, M: 258
modals (can, might, should, etc.), M: 253
negative forms, M: 257
passive voice, M: 250
tenses, M: 250, 257
Multimedia sources, citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550. See also Web sources
Multimodal texts. See also Genre
analyzing, A: 82
annotating, C: 6, A: 77, 84
conversing with, A: 84
defined, A: 82
evaluating, R: 386
planning, C: 37, 42, A: 82, 112, R: 388
purpose and, C: 4, A: 115
reading, C: 6, A: 77, R: 386
writing about, A: 86
Multitasking, avoiding, A: 77
must, as modal verb, M: 253, B: 336
must of. See may of, might of, W: 159
myself, W: 159, G: 224
N
namely, and sentence fragments, G: 239
Narration, as paragraph pattern, C: 46
Narrative writing. See Literacy narrative
Narrowing a subject. See Topic
N.B. (“note well”), P: 327
n.d. (“no date”), MLA: 423, APA: 490
nearly, placement of, S: 134
Needed words, S: 131
articles (a, an, the), S: 134, M: 260
in comparisons, S: 134
in compound structures, S: 133
it, M: 270
in parallel structures, S: 131
subjects, M: 270
that, S: 131, 133
there, M: 270
verbs, G: 211, M: 270
Negatives
double, avoiding, G: 233, M: 257
forming, M: 257
not and never, B: 338
neither (singular), W: 159, G: 200, 219
neither . . . nor
and parallel structure, S: 131
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, G: 219
and subject-verb agreement, G: 200
Neologisms (invented words), avoiding, W: 180
never
as adverb, B: 338
in double negatives, avoiding, G: 233
nevertheless
comma with, P: 290
semicolon with, P: 300
news (singular), G: 204
Newspapers. See Periodicals
no
comma with, P: 294
in double negatives, avoiding, G: 233, M: 257
nobody (singular), G: 200, 219
Noncount nouns, M: 263
none, W: 159, G: 200
Nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements, commas with, P: 290
Non sequitur, A: 90
Nonsexist language, W: 183, G: 217
Nonstandard English, avoiding, W: 180
no one (singular), G: 200, 219
nor
comma with, P: 287
as coordinating conjunction, S: 131, B: 339
parallelism and, S: 131
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, G: 219
and subject-verb agreement, G: 200
not
as adverb, M: 257, B: 338
in double negatives, avoiding, G: 233, M: 257
in forming negatives, M: 257
placement of, S: 134
Notes. See Footnotes or endnotes; Information notes (MLA)
Note taking
for analysis, A: 72, 84
and avoiding plagiarism, M: 281, R: 370
double-entry notebook for, A: 72, 84
on drafts, C: 21
on electronic documents, A: 77
to generate ideas, C: 6
research log for, R: 357, 360, 363
sample notes, A: 72, 72, 86
for speeches or presentations, A: 117
nothing (singular), G: 200, 219
not only . . . but also, B: 339
and parallel structure, S: 131
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, G: 219
and subject-verb agreement, G: 200
Noun/adjectives, B: 333, 336
Noun clauses, B: 350
words introducing, B: 350, 350
Noun markers, M: 260
Nouns. See also Nouns, types of
adjectives with, B: 336
articles with, M: 260
capitalizing, P: 322
defined, B: 333
of direct address, comma with, P: 294
plural form, singular meaning (athletics, economics, etc.), G: 204
plural of, P: 317
after prepositions, M: 277
renaming other nouns. See Appositives
shifts between singular and plural, avoiding, S: 139
Nouns, types of. See also Nouns
abstract, W: 186
collective (audience, family, team, etc.), G: 201, 219
common, M: 263, P: 322
concrete, W: 186
count, M: 263, 265
defined, B: 333
general vs. specific, W: 186, M: 265
generic, G: 219
noncount, M: 263
possessive, P: 304
proper, M: 263, 269, P: 322
singular and plural, M: 263
specific, concrete, W: 186
specific vs. general, W: 186, M: 265
Novels, titles of
capitalization of, P: 323
italics for, P: 329
nowheres (nonstandard), W: 159
N.p. (“no publisher”), MLA: 423
n. pag. (“no pagination”), MLA: 423
number. See amount, number, W: 159
number, agreement of verb with, G: 202
Number and person
shifts in, avoiding, S: 139
and subject-verb agreement, G: 197
Numbers
commas in, P: 296
consistency of, P: 328
hyphens with, P: 320
italics for, P: 330
plural of, P: 304
spelled out vs. numerals, P: 328
APA style, C: 62, P: 328
MLA style, P: 328
Nursing practice paper, sample pages, A: 123
O
Object complements, B: 344
adjectives as, following direct object, G: 231
Objections, to arguments. See Counterarguments
Objective case, of pronouns
for objects, G: 224
for subjects and objects of infinitives, G: 224
whom, G: 224
Objectivity
assessing in sources, A: 95, R: 381
in writing a summary, A: 75
Objects
direct, B: 344
indirect, B: 344
of infinitives, G: 224
no comma between verb and, P: 296
objective case for, G: 224, 224
of prepositions, B: 344
pronouns as, G: 224
repetition of, avoiding, M: 272
Observation, as information source, R: 368
Obsolete words, avoiding, W: 180
of, after could, would, may, etc. (nonstandard), W: 159
Offensive language, avoiding, W: 185
off of (nonstandard), W: 159, 188
OK, O.K., okay, W: 159
Omission of needed words. See Needed words
Omissions of letters and words, indicated by
apostrophe, P: 304
ellipsis mark, P: 314
on
with adjectives, M: 279
vs. at, in, to show time and place, M: 277, 277
with verbs, M: 279, 279
one of the, agreement of verb with, G: 204
Online sources. See Web sources
only, placement of, S: 134
only one of the, agreement of verb with, G: 204
Opening. See Introduction
Opinion, expert, using as support, A: 104
Opposing arguments. See Counterarguments
or
comma with, P: 287
as coordinating conjunction, S: 131, B: 339
excessive use of, S: 149
parallelism and, S: 131
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, G: 219
and subject-verb agreement, G: 200
Oral presentations. See Speaking
Organization. See also Outlines
of APA papers, APA: 476
of CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 537
improving, C: 28, 29
of literacy narratives, C: 37
of MLA papers, MLA: 397
patterns of, for paragraphs
analogy, C: 46
cause and effect, C: 46
classification, C: 46
comparison and contrast, C: 46
definition, C: 46
description, C: 46
division, C: 46
examples and illustrations, C: 46
narration, C: 46
process, C: 46
of speeches or presentations, A: 114
Organizations, abbreviations for, P: 325
ought to, as modal verb, M: 253, B: 336
Outlines
for essay, C: 13
formal, C: 13, A: 72, 75
informal, C: 13, A: 84
for MLA paper, MLA: 397
for summary or analysis, A: 72, 75, 84
Ownership. See Possessive case
P
Page numbers, in papers, C: 59, 61, MLA: 423, 462, APA: 490, 522, CMS: 567
Page setup. See Document design; Manuscript formats
Paired ideas, parallelism and, S: 129
Paragraph patterns. See also Paragraphs
analogy, C: 46
cause and effect, C: 46
classification, C: 46
comparison and contrast, C: 46
definition, C: 46
description, C: 46
division, C: 46
examples and illustrations, C: 46
narration, C: 46
process, C: 46
Paragraphs, C: 43. See also Paragraph patterns
coherence in, C: 46
concluding, C: 20
details in, C: 24, 45
development of, C: 24, 45
drafting, C: 17
focus of, C: 43
introductory, C: 14
length of, C: 52
main point in, C: 43
revising, C: 24, 28
too many points in, C: 24
topic sentences in, C: 44, M: 283
transitions in, C: 44, 52
unity of, C: 24, 44
Parallelism
for emphasis, S: 153
in headings, S: 129
in lists, S: 129
in paragraphs, C: 52
in sentences, S: 129
parameters, W: 159
Paraphrases
in APA papers, APA: 477, 481, 485
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 541, 545
in MLA papers, MLA: 401, 404, 410
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 279
no quotation marks for, P: 308
and note taking, R: 370
quotations within, R: 372
Parentheses, P: 314
capitalizing sentence in, P: 324
no comma before, P: 299
Parenthetical citations. See In-text citations
Parenthetical elements
commas with, P: 294
dashes with, P: 312
Participial phrases. See also Past participles;
Present participles
for combining sentences, S: 149
dangling, S: 138
defined, B: 347
Participles. See Past participles;
Present participles
Particles, with verbs, B: 336
Parts of speech, B: 333
adjectives, B: 336
adverbs, B: 338
conjunctions, B: 339
in dictionary entry, W: 190
interjections (exclamations), B: 340
nouns, B: 333
prepositions, B: 338
pronouns, B: 333
verbs, B: 334
passed, past, W: 159
Passive voice
vs. active voice, W: 174
appropriate uses of, W: 177
forming, M: 250
shifts between active and, avoiding, S: 142
and wordy sentences, W: 174
past. See passed, past, W: 159
Past participles
as adjectives, M: 275
defined, G: 206
of irregular verbs, G: 206
in participial phrases, B: 347
and passive voice, M: 250
and perfect tenses, G: 213, 213, M: 250, 253
vs. present participles, M: 275
of regular verbs, G: 210
as verbals, B: 347
Past perfect tense, G: 213, 213, M: 250, 253
Past progressive form, G: 213, M: 250, 253
Past tense
in APA papers, APA: 485, 489
and -d, -ed endings, G: 206, 210
defined, G: 213, M: 250, 253
of irregular verbs, G: 206
vs. past perfect, G: 213
of regular verbs, G: 204, 210
Patchwriting, avoiding, R: 360, MLA: 401, APA: 481, CMS: 541
Pathos (emotional appeals), in arguments, A: 90, 98, 115
Patterns of organization. See Paragraph patterns
PDF documents
annotating, A: 77
citing, MLA: 423
as sources, R: 370, 378
Peer reviewers. See Reviewers, peer; Revising with comments
Percentages, numerals for, P: 328. See also Statistics
percent, per cent, percentage, W: 159
Perfect progressive forms, G: 213, M: 250
Perfect tenses, G: 213, 213, M: 250, 253
Periodicals. See also Articles in periodicals
capitalizing titles of, P: 323, APA: 490, 522, 522
italics for titles of, P: 329, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
Periods, P: 312
with abbreviations, P: 312, 325
and ellipsis mark, P: 314
to end a sentence, P: 312
with in-text citations, P: 309
with quotation marks, P: 309
Personal pronouns
case of, G: 223
defined, B: 334
Personal titles. See Titles of persons
Person and number
shifts in, avoiding, S: 139
and subject-verb agreement, G: 197
Persons, names of. See Nouns
Persuasive writing. See Argument papers
phenomena, W: 159
Photographs, C: 17, 18. See also Visuals, in documents; Visual texts
Phrasal verbs. See Particles, with verbs
Phrases. See also Phrases, types of
dangling, S: 138
empty or inflated, W: 173
fragmented, G: 238
introductory, comma after, P: 288
misplaced, S: 136
as modifiers, B: 347
nonrestrictive (nonessential), with commas, P: 290
restrictive (essential), with no commas, P: 290, 298
separating subject and verb, S: 137
Phrases, types of. See also Phrases
absolute, B: 347
appositive, B: 347
gerund, B: 347
infinitive, B: 347
participial, B: 347
prepositional, B: 344
verbal, B: 347
physics (singular), G: 204
Pictures, C: 17, 18. See also Visuals, in documents; Visual texts
Place of publication
in APA reference list, APA: 490
in MLA works cited list, MLA: 423
Places, names of. See Nouns
Plagiarism, avoiding
in APA papers, APA: 477
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 538
and drafting, C: 17
in MLA papers, MLA: 398
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 281, 284
and note taking, R: 370
reviewer comments about, C: 24
and Web sources, R: 372, 372
working bibliography and, R: 369
Planning an essay. See also Outlines
assessing the writing situation, C: 3, 5
exploring ideas, C: 4, 6
working thesis, C: 8
plan to do (not on doing), W: 188
Plays, titles of
capitalizing, P: 323
italics for, P: 329
Plurals. See also Agreement of pronoun and antecedent; Agreement of subject and verb; Singular vs. plural
of abbreviations, P: 306, 327
of compound nouns, P: 317
of letters, P: 306
of numbers, P: 304
spelling of, P: 317
of words used as words, P: 306
plus, W: 159
PM, AM, p.m., a.m., P: 326
Podcast, citing, MLA: 423, 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
Poems, titles of
capitalizing, P: 323
quotation marks with, P: 308
Point of view
consistency in, C: 29, 52, S: 139
in humanities papers, A: 123
in literacy narratives, C: 37
opposing, in arguments. See Counterarguments
in portfolio cover letters, C: 42
revising for, C: 29
in science and social science papers, A: 123
in writing for different disciplines, A: 123
politics (singular), G: 204
Portfolio
cover letter for, C: 39
organizing, C: 21
preparing, C: 38
sample cover letter for, C: 39
Position, stating. See Thesis
Possessive case
apostrophe for, P: 304
with gerund, G: 224
Possessive pronouns
defined, B: 334
no apostrophe in, P: 306
Post hoc fallacy, A: 90
precede, proceed, W: 159
Predicate
compound, G: 239
defined, G: 239, B: 341
fragmented, G: 239
Predicate adjective. See Subject complements
Predicate noun. See Subject complements
Predication, faulty, S: 146
preferable to (not than), W: 188
Prefixes, hyphen after, P: 320
Premises, in deductive reasoning, A: 90
Prepositional phrases
defined, B: 344
fragmented, G: 238
restrictive (essential) vs. nonrestrictive (nonessential), P: 290
between subject and verb, G: 198
Prepositions
after adjectives, M: 279
at, in, on to show time and place, M: 277, 277
defined, B: 338
followed by nouns or -ing forms, not verbs, M: 277
in idioms (common expressions), W: 187, M: 277, 277
list of, B: 339
objects of, B: 344
repeating, for parallel structure, S: 131
after verbs, M: 279, 279, B: 336
Presentations. See Multimodal texts; Speaking
Present participles
as adjectives, M: 275
in gerund phrases, B: 347
in participial phrases, B: 347
vs. past participles, M: 275
and progressive forms, G: 213, M: 250
and sequence of tenses, G: 213
Present perfect tense, G: 213, 213, M: 250, 253, APA: 485, 489
Present progressive form, G: 213, M: 250
Present tense, G: 213, M: 250
subject-verb agreement in, G: 197
and tense shifts, avoiding, S: 142
in writing about literature, A: 123, S: 142, G: 213
in writing about science, G: 213
Pretentious language, avoiding, W: 179
Previewing
sources, R: 377
visual and multimodal texts, A: 84
written texts, A: 71, 75
Prewriting strategies
annotating texts, C: 6
asking questions, C: 6
blogging, C: 8
brainstorming, C: 7
clustering, C: 8
freewriting, C: 8
keeping a journal, C: 8
mapping, C: 8
talking and listening, C: 4, 6
Primary sources
for authenticity, R: 364
citation at a glance, CMS: 550
as evidence, A: 122
vs. secondary sources, R: 381
on the Web, MLA: 423, CMS: 550
principal, principle, W: 159
prior to (not than), W: 188
Problem/strategy approach, for revising a thesis, C: 10
proceed. See precede, proceed, W: 159
Process as paragraph pattern, C: 46 of writing an essay
drafting, C: 14
editing, C: 30
planning, C: 3
reviewing, C: 22
revising, C: 22
Professional documents. See Business writing
Progressive forms, G: 213, M: 250
Pronoun/adjectives, B: 334
Pronoun-antecedent agreement, G: 217
with collective nouns (jury, class, etc.), G: 219
with compounds with and, G: 219
with compounds with either . . . or or neither . . . nor, G: 219
with compounds with or, G: 219
with indefinite pronouns (anyone, each, etc.), G: 219
sexist language with, avoiding, G: 217
Pronoun case
I vs. me etc., G: 223
who vs. whom, G: 224
you vs. your, G: 224
Pronoun reference, G: 219
ambiguous, G: 219
broad this, that, which, it, G: 219
implied, G: 219
indefinite they, it, you, G: 223
remote, G: 219
unstated antecedent, G: 219
who (not that, which) for persons, W: 159
Pronouns. See also Pronouns, types of
adjectives with, B: 336
agreement of verbs with, G: 197
agreement with antecedent, G: 217
as appositives, G: 224
case (I vs. me etc.), G: 223
defined, B: 333
lists of, B: 334
as objects, G: 224
pronoun/adjectives, B: 334
reference of, G: 219
shifts in person and number, avoiding, S: 139
singular vs. plural, G: 217
as subjects, G: 224
who, whom, G: 224
Pronouns, types of, B: 333. See also Pronouns
demonstrative (those, that, etc.), B: 334
indefinite (some, any, etc.), B: 334
intensive (herself, themselves, etc.), B: 334
interrogative (who, which, etc.), B: 334
personal (you, they, etc.), B: 334
possessive (your, his, etc.), G: 224, B: 334
reciprocal (each other etc.), B: 334
reflexive (myself, yourselves, etc.), B: 334
relative (that, which, etc.), B: 334
Pronunciation, in dictionary entry, W: 190
Proof. See Evidence
Proofreading, C: 31
Proper nouns, M: 263
capitalizing, P: 322
the with, M: 269
Proposal, research, R: 368
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, APA: 489, 498
Punctuation, P: 287
apostrophe. See Apostrophes
brackets. See Brackets
colon. See Colon
comma. See Commas; Commas, unnecessary
dash. See Dashes
ellipsis mark. See Ellipsis mark
for emphasis, S: 154
exclamation point. See Exclamation points
parentheses. See Parentheses
period. See Periods
question mark. See Question mark
quotation marks. See Quotation marks
with quotation marks, P: 309
semicolon. See Semicolon
Purpose in writing
for argument papers, A: 98
assignments and, C: 7
and document design, C: 57
and finding sources, R: 358
and genre (type of writing), C: 4, 5
for lab reports, A: 123
for nursing practice papers, A: 123
for psychology papers, A: 123
for research papers, R: 358
for speeches or presentations, A: 114
and writing situation, C: 3, 5
Q
Quantifiers with noncount nouns, M: 265
Question mark, P: 312
with in-text citations, P: 310, MLA: 414
no comma with, P: 299
with quotation marks, P: 310
Questionnaire, as information source, R: 368
Questions
adding for variety, S: 156
commas with, P: 294
direct and indirect, S: 143, P: 312
pronouns for, B: 334
Questions (continued)
punctuation of, P: 312
recognizing, in assignments, C: 7
subject in, B: 342
Questions to ask
for an analysis paper, C: 24, A: 78, 82
for an annotated bibliography, R: 388
about arguments, A: 95, 95, 112
for assignments in the disciplines, A: 117
to generate ideas, C: 6
for a literacy narrative, C: 37
about reading, A: 75
for a reflective letter, C: 42
about a research subject, R: 358, 369, MLA: 388, 410, APA: 466, CMS: 536
to shape a thesis, C: 8
Quotation marks, P: 306. See also Quotations
to avoid plagiarism, C: 24, R: 372
with direct quotations (exact language), P: 306, R: 372
misuses of, P: 310
not used with indented (long) quotations, P: 308
other punctuation with, P: 309
single, P: 308
with titles of works, P: 308, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 548, 567
with words used as words, P: 309
quotation, quote. See quote, quotation, W: 159
Quotations. See also Quotation marks
adding for variety, S: 156
in APA papers
accuracy of, APA: 483
appropriate use of, APA: 481
avoiding plagiarism in, APA: 477
brackets with, APA: 483
citing, APA: 477, 489
context for, APA: 485
dropped, avoiding, APA: 485
ellipsis mark with, APA: 483
embedding, APA: 485
indenting, APA: 483, 522, 527
integrating, APA: 481
long (indented), APA: 483, 522, 527
quotation marks for, APA: 480
sic for errors in, APA: 483
with signal phrase, APA: 483
synthesizing, APA: 485
in argument papers, A: 95
capitalization in, P: 324
in CMS (Chicago) papers
accuracy of, CMS: 543 appropriate use of, CMS: 542
avoiding plagiarism in, CMS: 538
brackets with, CMS: 543
citing, CMS: 538, 548
context for, CMS: 545
dropped, avoiding, CMS: 545
ellipsis mark with, CMS: 543
embedding, CMS: 545
indenting, CMS: 541, 543, 567, 567
integrating, CMS: 542
long (indented), CMS: 541, 543, 567, 567
quotation marks for, CMS: 540
sic for errors in, CMS: 543
with signal phrase, CMS: 545
direct and indirect, S: 143, P: 299
ellipsis marks to indicate cuts in, P: 314
from interviews, R: 364
long (indented), P: 308
in MLA papers
accuracy of, MLA: 404
appropriate use of, MLA: 402, 410
avoiding plagiarism in, MLA: 400
brackets with, MLA: 404
citing, MLA: 400, 410
context for, MLA: 407
dropped, avoiding, MLA: 407
ellipsis mark with, MLA: 404
embedding, MLA: 407
indenting, C: 59, MLA: 404, 463, 466
integrating, MLA: 402
long (indented), C: 59, MLA: 404, 463, 466
quotation marks for, MLA: 401
“sic” for errors in, MLA: 404
with signal phrase, MLA: 404
synthesizing, MLA: 407
within paraphrases, R: 372
punctuation of, P: 306
within quotations, P: 308
quoted in (qtd. in), for a source in another source, MLA: 414, CMS: 550. See also cited in
quote, quotation, W: 159
quotes. See Quotations
R
raise, rise, W: 159
Ratios, colon with, P: 303
Readability, document design for, C: 57
Readers, engaging, C: 16, 23
Reading
active and critical
for analysis, A: 82
of arguments, A: 89
of research sources, R: 381
of visual and multimedia texts, A: 82, R: 386
of written texts, A: 71
annotating. See Annotating texts
conversing with a text, A: 72, 84
evaluating arguments, A: 89
evaluating sources, R: 364, 364, 372
exploring a subject, C: 6
previewing sources, R: 377
previewing texts, A: 71, 75, 84
and thinking like a researcher, R: 360
visual and multimodal texts, A: 82
on the Web, A: 77
real, really, W: 159, G: 232
Reasoning. See also Argument papers
deductive, A: 90
inductive, A: 89, 90
logical fallacies, A: 89
reason . . . is because (nonstandard), S: 146, W: 159
reason why (nonstandard), W: 159
Reciprocal pronouns, B: 334
Red herring fallacy, A: 95
Redundancies, W: 159
Reference list (APA). See also
Bibliography, CMS (Chicago)
style; Works cited list (MLA)
directory to models for, APA: 466
formatting, C: 63, APA: 522
Reference list (APA) (continued)
general guidelines for, APA: 490
models for, APA: 490
sample, C: 63, APA: 527
Reference of pronouns. See Pronoun reference
Reflective writing
literacy narrative, C: 31
for portfolio, C: 38
Reflexive pronouns, B: 334
Regional expressions, W: 180
Regular verbs
-d, -ed endings on, G: 206, 210
defined, G: 204, B: 336
-s forms of, G: 209
relation, relationship, W: 159
Relative adverbs
defined, B: 350
introducing adjective clauses, M: 272, B: 350
Relative pronouns
agreement with verb, G: 202
defined, B: 334, 347
introducing adjective clauses, M: 272, B: 350
in noun clauses, B: 350
who, whom, G: 224
Repetition
of function words, for parallel structure, S: 131
of key words, C: 52
in speeches or presentations, A: 115
unnecessary
ideas, W: 159
nouns and pronouns, M: 272
objects or adverbs, M: 272
words, W: 173
Reposted source, citing, MLA: 423
Requests, subjunctive mood for, G: 217
Researched writing. See also Researching a topic
APA papers, APA: 466
CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 527
MLA papers, MLA: 388
sample student writing, MLA: 463, APA: 522, CMS: 567
Researching a topic, R: 353.
See also Conversations, academic and research;
Researched writing
for argument papers, A: 98
bibliography
annotated, R: 386
scholarly, R: 364, 364, 364
working, R: 369
catalog, library, R: 364, 378
databases, R: 364, 364, 364
evaluating sources, R: 364, 364, 372
field research, R: 364
getting started, R: 353
keeping a research log, R: 357, 360, 363
keeping track of sources, R: 357, 369
keyword searches, R: 364
library resources, R: 363, 364, 364
managing information, R: 357, 369
narrowing the focus, R: 358
note taking, R: 357, 370
planning, R: 357, 376
purpose and, R: 358
reading critically, R: 376, 381
reading selectively, R: 377
reference librarians, R: 363
research proposals, R: 368
research questions, R: 358, 368
schedule for, R: 357, 358
search strategy, R: 360, 369, 376
shortcuts to good sources, R: 363
thinking like a researcher, R: 360
tips for smart searching, R: 364
Web resources, R: 364, 364, 364
respectfully, respectively, W: 159
Response papers. See Analysis papers
Responsibility. See Sources, responsibility and
Restrictive (essential) elements, no commas with, P: 290, 298
Résumés, C: 66
Reviewers, peer. See also Revising with comments
for an analytical essay, A: 82
for an annotated bibliography, R: 388
for an argument paper, A: 112
guidelines for, C: 24
for a literacy narrative, C: 38
for a portfolio cover letter, C: 43
sample comments by, C: 31
seeking help from, C: 22
writing situation and, C: 5
Review of the literature
sample assignment and excerpt, A: 123
sample paper, APA: 522
Revising with comments, C: 22
“Be specific,” C: 24
“Cite your sources,” C: 24
“Consider opposing viewpoints,” C: 24
“Develop more,” C: 24
“More than one point in this paragraph,” C: 24
“Narrow your introduction,” C: 23
“Summarize less, analyze more,” C: 24
“Unclear thesis,” C: 23
Revision, C: 22. See also Revising with comments
cycles of, C: 28
global (big-picture), C: 28
sample of, C: 31
sentence-level, C: 30
software tools for, C: 21
strategies for, C: 22
of thesis, C: 10
rise. See raise, rise, W: 159
Running heads, C: 61, MLA: 462, APA: 490, 522. See also Page numbers, in papers
Run-on sentences
finding and recognizing, G: 241, 241
fixing, G: 241
with colon or dash, G: 241
with comma and coordinating conjunction, G: 241
by making two sentences, G: 241
by restructuring, G: 241
with semicolon, G: 241
S
-s
and apostrophe, P: 304
and plurals of abbreviations, P: 327
and spelling, P: 317
as verb ending, G: 197, 198, 209
Sacred texts (Bible, Qur’an)
citing, MLA: 414, 423, APA: 490, 498, CMS: 550
no italics for, P: 330
punctuation between chapter and verse, P: 303
Salutations and greetings, colon with, C: 65, P: 303
Sample student writing
analysis, A: 80
argument, A: 107
Sample student writing (continued)
in the disciplines, excerpts
lab report, A: 123
nursing practice paper, A: 123
psychology literature review, A: 123
literacy narrative, C: 35
portfolio letter, C: 39
research
APA style, APA: 522
CMS (Chicago) style (excerpt), CMS: 567
MLA style, MLA: 463
speech (excerpt), A: 117
Scholarly sources, identifying, R: 364, 378
Sciences, writing in the, A: 117
Scientific facts, and verb tense, G: 213
Scores, numerals for, P: 328
Search engines, R: 364
Search strategy, R: 360, 369
Secondary sources, A: 122, R: 381
Second-person point of view, C: 29, S: 139
self-, hyphen with, P: 320
Self-assessment, in portfolio, C: 38
Semicolon, P: 300
for combining sentences, S: 149
with commas, P: 301
to fix run-on sentences, G: 241
and independent clauses, P: 300
misuse of, P: 301
with quotation marks, P: 310
with series, P: 301
transitional expressions with, P: 300
sensual, sensuous, W: 159
Sentence fragments. See Fragments, sentence
Sentence patterns, B: 340
Sentence purposes, B: 353
Sentences. See also Sentence types
awkward, S: 144
choppy, combining, S: 149
conditional, M: 257
fragments. See Fragments, sentence
fused. See Run-on sentences
incomplete. See Fragments, sentence
inverted (verb before subject), S: 153, 156, G: 202, M: 270, B: 342
logical, S: 146
parts of, B: 340
revising and editing, C: 30
run-on. See Run-on sentences
thesis. See Thesis
topic, C: 44, M: 283
transitional, C: 52
variety in, S: 154
wordy, W: 159
Sentence structure
mixed constructions, S: 144
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 270
adjectives, placement of, M: 275
adverbs, placement of, M: 274
although, because, M: 272
linking verb between subject and subject complement, M: 270
paraphrasing, M: 281
present participle vs. past participle, M: 275
repetition of object or adverb, avoiding, M: 272
repetition of subject, avoiding, M: 272
subject, needed, M: 270
there, it, M: 270
paraphrases and, M: 281, R: 372
simplifying, W: 174
variety in, S: 154
Sentence types, B: 352
complex, B: 353
compound, B: 352
compound-complex, B: 353
declarative, B: 353
exclamatory, B: 353
imperative, B: 353
interrogative, B: 353
simple, B: 352
Series. See also Lists
commas with, P: 288
parallelism and, S: 129
parentheses with, P: 314
semicolons with, P: 301
set, sit, W: 159
Setup, page. See Document design; Manuscript formats
Sexist language, avoiding, W: 183, G: 217
shall, as modal verb, M: 253, B: 336
shall, will, W: 159
she, her, hers, sexist use of, W: 183, G: 219
she vs. her, G: 223
she writes, he writes, comma with, P: 294, 310
Shifts, avoiding
from indirect to direct questions or quotations, S: 143
in mood or voice, S: 142
in point of view (person and number), S: 139
in verb tense, S: 142
Ships, italics for names of, P: 330
Short stories, titles of
capitalizing, P: 323, APA: 522
quotation marks for, P: 308, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 522, CMS: 567
should, as modal verb, M: 253, 258, B: 336
should of (nonstandard), W: 159
Showing, not telling, C: 24
sic, P: 314, MLA: 404, APA: 483, CMS: 543
Signal phrases, A: 115, MLA: 404, APA: 483, CMS: 545
Signposts, in speeches or presentations, A: 115, 115
Simile, W: 188
Simple sentences, B: 352
Simple subjects, B: 341
Simple tenses, G: 213, M: 250, 253
since, W: 159
Singular vs. plural
antecedents, G: 217
nouns, G: 197, 209
pronouns, G: 217
subjects, G: 197, 209
sit. See set, sit, W: 159
site. See cite, site, W: 159
Skimming. See Previewing
Slang, avoiding, W: 180
Slash, P: 316
Slides, presentation, A: 115, 117
so
comma with, P: 287
as coordinating conjunction, B: 339
Social media, citing, MLA: 414, 423, APA: 490, 498, CMS: 550
Social sciences, writing in, A: 117. See also APA papers
Software. See Word processing programs
some, G: 200
somebody, someone, something (singular), W: 159, G: 200, 219
something (singular), W: 159
sometime, some time, sometimes, W: 159
Songs, titles of, quotation marks for, P: 308
sort of. See kind of, sort of, W: 159
Sound-alike words (homophones), P: 318
Sources. See also Web sources
citing. See Citing sources
documenting. See APA papers; Citing sources; CMS (Chicago) papers; MLA papers
evaluating, R: 364, 364, 372
finding, R: 360
Sources (continued)
integrating, A: 115, MLA: 402, APA: 481, CMS: 542
introducing. See Signal phrases
keeping records of, R: 357, 369
list of. See Bibliography, CMS (Chicago) style; Reference list (APA); Works cited list (MLA)
primary, A: 122, R: 364, 381
and purpose of research project, R: 358, 376
quoted in another source, MLA: 414, APA: 490, CMS: 550
responsible use of, R: 360
altering quotations, R: 364, MLA: 404, APA: 483, CMS: 543
citing paraphrases, R: 372
copying from electronic files, R: 372
documenting evidence, A: 102
establishing credibility, MLA: 407
keeping notes and records, C: 17, A: 72, R: 363, 370
reading critically, R: 381
thinking like a researcher, R: 360
scholarly, R: 364, 378
secondary, A: 122, R: 381
selecting, R: 377
synthesizing, MLA: 407, APA: 485
uses of, R: 376, MLA: 397, APA: 476, CMS: 537
of visuals, crediting, C: 17, MLA: 414, 423, 466, APA: 498, 522, CMS: 550
“So what?” test, C: 10, 28, 29, A: 72, 75
Spacecraft, italics for names of, P: 330
Spacing. See Line spacing
Speaking, A: 112. See also Talking and listening
adapting essays for presentations, A: 117
argumentative appeals (ethos, logos, pathos) and, A: 115
audience for, A: 114, 117
conclusions for, A: 117
context for, A: 114
introductions for, A: 117
notes for, A: 117
preparing for, A: 114
purpose of, A: 114
sample student speech (excerpt), A: 117
slides for, A: 115, 117
Specific nouns, W: 186
the with, M: 263, 265
Speeches. See Speaking
Spelling, P: 316
Split infinitives, S: 138
Sponsor, of Web sources, R: 364, 364, 381, MLA: 423, CMS: 550
Squinting modifiers, S: 136. See also Misplaced modifiers
Standard English, W: 180
Standard (US) units, abbreviations for, P: 326
Statements contrary to fact, G: 217, M: 258
statistics (singular), G: 204
Statistics
in APA papers, APA: 485
in argument papers, A: 102
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 545
in MLA papers, MLA: 407, 410
numerals for, P: 329
Stereotypes, avoiding, A: 90, W: 185
Strategies for revising. See Revising with comments; Revision
Straw man fallacy, A: 95
Student essays. See Sample student writing
Subject, of paper or presentation. See Topic
Subject, of sentence
and agreement with verb, G: 197
case of, G: 224
complete, B: 341
compound, B: 342
following verb, S: 156, G: 202, M: 270, B: 342
identifying, G: 202
of infinitive, G: 224
naming the actor (active voice), W: 174
naming the receiver (passive voice), W: 174
pronoun as, G: 224
in questions, B: 342
repeated, M: 272
required in sentences, M: 270
separated from verb, S: 137
simple, B: 341
singular vs. plural, G: 209
understood (you), M: 270, B: 342
Subject complements
adjectives as, G: 230, B: 342
case of pronouns as, G: 224
defined, B: 342
with linking verbs, B: 342
and subject-verb agreement, G: 202
Subjective case, of pronouns, G: 224
who, whom, G: 224
Subjects, of field research, R: 364
Subject-verb agreement. See Agreement of subject and verb
Subjunctive mood, G: 213. See also Conditional sentences
Subordinate clauses, B: 347
adjective (beginning with who, that, etc.), B: 347
adverb (beginning with if, when, where, etc.), B: 350
avoiding repeated elements in, M: 272
combined with independent clauses, B: 353
defined, B: 347, 352
fragmented, G: 235
minor ideas in, S: 152
misplaced, S: 136
noun, B: 350
and sentence types, B: 352
words introducing, B: 347
Subordinate word groups, B: 344
Subordinating conjunctions, B: 340, 350
Subordination
for combining ideas of unequal importance, S: 148, 149, 149
and coordination, S: 149
to fix run-on sentences, G: 241
to fix sentence fragments, G: 235
of major ideas, avoiding, S: 152
overuse of, S: 152
Subtitles of works
capitalizing, P: 323, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
colon between title and, P: 303
such as
no colon after, P: 303
no comma after, P: 299
and sentence fragments, G: 239
Suffixes
hyphen before, P: 320
spelling rules for, P: 316
Summary
vs. analysis, C: 24, A: 78, 82, 86
in annotated bibliographies, R: 386, 388
in APA papers, APA: 477, 481, 485
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 541, 545
in MLA papers, MLA: 401, 404, 410
no quotation marks for, P: 308
and note taking, R: 372
writing, A: 75, 75, 86
Superlative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -est or most), G: 233
Support. See Evidence
suppose to (nonstandard), W: 159
sure and (nonstandard), W: 159, 188
Surveys, as information source, R: 368
Syllables, division of words into
in dictionary, W: 190
hyphen for, P: 320
Synonyms, W: 186, 190, M: 281
Synthesizing sources, MLA: 407, APA: 485
T
Tables, C: 17, 18, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 498, 522, 527, CMS: 567
take. See bring, take, W: 159
Taking notes. See Note taking
Talking and listening
in class discussions, A: 117
to generate ideas, C: 4, 6
in speeches or presentations, A: 115, 117
Talking back to a text, A: 72, 84
teach. See learn, teach, W: 159
Teacher’s comments, responding to. See Revising with comments
team. See Collective nouns
Teamwork. See Reviewers, peer
Tenses, verb, G: 212
in active voice, M: 250
and agreement with subject, G: 197
conditional, M: 257
in the disciplines, A: 123, MLA: 404, APA: 485, 489, CMS: 545
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 250, 257
in passive voice, M: 253
present
in writing about literature, S: 142, G: 213
in writing about science, G: 213
sequence of, G: 213
shifts in, avoiding, S: 142
Text messages, citing, MLA: 423
Texts. See Multimodal texts; Visual texts; Written texts
than
in comparisons, S: 134
parallelism with, S: 131
pronoun after, G: 224
than, then, W: 159
that
agreement of verb with, G: 202
broad reference of, G: 219
needed word, S: 131, 133
vs. which, W: 159, P: 290
vs. who. See who, which, that, W: 159
the. See also a, an
with geographic names, M: 269
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 260
omission of, S: 134, M: 269
with proper nouns, M: 269
their
misuse of, with singular antecedent, S: 139, G: 217
vs. there, they’re, W: 159
vs. they, W: 159
theirselves (nonstandard), W: 159
them vs. they, G: 223
them vs. those, W: 159
then, than. See than, then, W: 159
the number, a number, G: 202
there, as expletive (placeholder)
not used as subject, M: 270
and sentence order (verb before subject), M: 270, B: 342
and subject-verb agreement, G: 202
with verb, M: 270
and wordy sentences, W: 174
therefore
comma with, P: 290
semicolon with, P: 300
there, their, they’re, W: 159
Thesaurus, W: 190
Thesis
active reading for, A: 72, 75
in analysis papers, A: 78, 82, 86
in APA papers, APA: 466
in argument papers, A: 101, 112
audience and, C: 8
in CMS (Chicago) papers, CMS: 536
developing, C: 17
drafting, C: 8
effective, C: 8, A: 78, 82, 86
in essays, C: 8, 14, 28, 29
evaluating, C: 10
in MLA papers, MLA: 388
of paragraph, C: 44, M: 283
of research paper, R: 358
revising, C: 10, 23, 28, 29
testing, C: 10
working, C: 8, MLA: 388, APA: 466, CMS: 536
they
indefinite reference of, G: 223
vs. I or you, S: 139
misuse of, with singular antecedent, G: 217
nonstandard for their, W: 159
vs. them, G: 223
they’re. See there, their, they’re, W: 159
Third-person point of view, C: 29, S: 139
this, broad reference of, G: 219
this kind. See kind(s), W: 159
Time
abbreviations for, P: 326
colon with, P: 303
managing, R: 357
numerals for, P: 329
Title page
for APA paper
formatting, C: 61, APA: 522
samples, C: 61, APA: 522
for CMS (Chicago) paper
formatting, CMS: 567
sample, CMS: 567
for MLA paper (optional)
formatting, MLA: 462
Titles of persons
abbreviations with names, P: 325
capitalizing, P: 323
comma with, P: 294
Titles of works
capitalizing, P: 323, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
italics for, P: 329, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
quotation marks for, P: 308, MLA: 423, 463, APA: 490, 522, 522, CMS: 567
treated as singular, G: 204
to
needed word, S: 131
as preposition vs. infinitive marker, M: 277
Tone (voice). See also Language
in argument paper, A: 98
in e-mail, C: 4, 68
in portfolio cover letter, C: 42
too, with infinitive, M: 260
Topic
big picture for, C: 28, R: 358
exploring, C: 4, 6, A: 114
narrowing, R: 358
of research paper, R: 358
working thesis and, C: 8
writing situation and, C: 5
Topic sentence, C: 44, M: 283
to, too, two, W: 159
toward, towards, W: 159
Transfer (fallacy), A: 95
Transitional expressions
commas with, P: 290
list of, P: 300
semicolon with, P: 300
Transitions, for coherence, C: 44, 52, A: 115, 115
Transitive verbs, M: 253, B: 344
Trite expressions (clichés), W: 188
troop. See Collective nouns
try and (nonstandard), W: 159, 188
Tutorials. See Writing guides
Tutors, working with. See Reviewers, peer; Revising with comments
Twitter. See Social media, citing
two. See to, too, two, W: 159
type of (not of a), W: 188
Typing. See Document design
U
ultimately. See eventually, ultimately, W: 159
Unclear thesis, revising, C: 23
Underlining. See Italics
Understood subject (you), M: 270, B: 342
uninterested. See disinterested, uninterested, W: 159
unique, W: 159, G: 233
Unity. See Focus
Unmarked infinitives, M: 260
Uploaded materials, MLA citation of, MLA: 423, 423, 423
URLs
in citations, MLA: 423, 423, APA: 490, 498, CMS: 549, 550
dividing, P: 320, MLA: 463, 463, APA: 522, CMS: 549, 567
evaluating, R: 364, 364
Usage
glossary of, W: 159
labels in dictionary, W: 190
usage, W: 159
use to (nonstandard), W: 159
Using sources responsibly. See Sources, responsible use of
us vs. we, G: 223
utilize, W: 159
V
Vague thesis, revising, C: 23
Variety
in sentences, S: 154
in signal phrases, MLA: 404, APA: 485, CMS: 545
in speeches or presentations, A: 115
Verbal phrases, B: 347
fragmented, G: 238
gerund, B: 347
infinitive, B: 347
participial, B: 347
Verbs. See also Verbs, types of
active, W: 174, M: 250
adverbs with, B: 338
agreement with subjects, G: 197
be, forms of, vs. active, W: 177
compound predicates, G: 239
in conditional sentences, M: 257
-d, -ed ending on, G: 206, 210
defined, B: 334
followed by gerunds or infinitives, M: 258
forms of, M: 249
mood of, G: 213
multilingual/ESL challenges with. See Multilingual writers, verbs
needed, G: 211
negative forms of, M: 257
without objects, B: 344
passive, W: 174, M: 250
with prepositions (idioms), M: 279, 279
separated from subjects, S: 137
-s form of, G: 197, 198, 209
shifts in tense, mood, voice, avoiding, S: 142
in signal phrases, MLA: 404, APA: 483, 485, CMS: 545, 545
with singular vs. plural subjects, G: 209
standard forms of, G: 206
strong, vs. be and passive verbs, W: 174, 174
before subjects (inverted sentences), S: 156, G: 202, M: 270, B: 342
tenses of. See Tenses, verb
two-word, B: 336
voice of (active, passive), W: 174, M: 250
Verbs, types of. See also Verbs
helping. See Helping verbs
intransitive (no direct object), B: 344
irregular, G: 206, M: 249, B: 336
linking, G: 230, M: 270, B: 342
main, G: 212, M: 253, B: 336
modal (can, might, should, etc.). See Modal verbs
phrasal. See Particles, with verbs
regular, G: 204, 210, M: 249, B: 336
transitive (with direct object), B: 344
Video, online, citing, MLA: 423, 423, 423, APA: 498, CMS: 550
Video game, citing, MLA: 423, APA: 498
Viewpoints, differing, in arguments. See Counterarguments
Visuals, in documents. See also Visual texts
choosing, C: 17
citing, C: 17, MLA: 414, 423, 466, APA: 498, 522, CMS: 550
in document design, C: 64
as evidence, A: 104, 107
labeling, C: 64, MLA: 463, 466, APA: 522, CMS: 567
purposes for, C: 17, 18, A: 104, 115
types of
bar graph, C: 18
diagram, C: 18
flowchart, C: 18
infographic, C: 18
line graph, C: 18
map, C: 18
photograph, C: 18
pie chart, C: 18
table, C: 18
Visual sources. See Visuals, in documents; Visual texts
Visual texts (photograph, advertisement, etc.). See also Visuals, in documents
analyzing, A: 82
annotating, A: 84
conversing with, A: 84
writing about, A: 86
Vocabulary
multilingual/ESL challenges with, M: 279
specialized, A: 121
Voice
active (preferred), W: 174, M: 250, B: 344
passive, W: 174, 176, M: 250, B: 344
shifts between active and passive, avoiding, S: 142
Volume and issue numbers, in reference list, APA: 490
W
wait for, wait on, W: 159
was vs. were, G: 198
in conditional sentences, M: 257
and subject-verb agreement, G: 197
and subjunctive mood, G: 213
ways, W: 159
we
vs. us, G: 223
vs. you or they, S: 139
weather, whether, W: 159
Weblog. See Blog
Web sources. See also Internet
abstracts of, R: 364, 378
authors of, identifying, R: 372, MLA: 423, 423
avoiding plagiarism from, R: 372, 372
citation at a glance, MLA: 423, 423, APA: 498, 498, CMS: 550, 550
citing, MLA: 423, 423, APA: 498, 498, CMS: 548
course materials, MLA: 423, APA: 490, 498
databases for, R: 364, 364, 364
evaluating, R: 364, 364, 378, 378, 381
finding, R: 364, 364, 364
keeping records of, R: 370
library catalog for, R: 364, 378
previewing, R: 358, 378
reading, A: 77
reposted sources, MLA: 423
search engines for, R: 364
selecting appropriate versions of, R: 378
well, good, G: 159. See also good, well, W: 232
were, in conditional sentences, G: 213, M: 257
were vs. was. See was vs. were
when clauses, G: 213, M: 257
where vs. that, W: 159
whether. See if, whether, W: 159; weather, whether, W: 159
whether . . . or, S: 131, B: 339
which
agreement of verb with, G: 202
broad reference of, G: 219
vs. that, W: 159, P: 290
vs. who. See who, which, that, W: 159
while, W: 159
who
agreement of verb with, G: 202
omission of, S: 133
vs. which or that. See who, which, that, W: 159
vs. whom, W: 159, G: 224
who’s, whose, W: 159, P: 306
who, which, that, W: 159
will, as modal verb, M: 253, 253, 258, B: 336
will, shall. See shall, will, W: 159
Wishes, subjunctive mood for, G: 217
Word groups. See Independent clauses; Phrases; Subordinate clauses
Wordiness, W: 159
Word processing programs
and automatic division of words, P: 320
and citing sources, R: 370
and double-entry notebooks, A: 72
and keeping track of files, C: 21, R: 372
Words. See also Language; Spelling
abstract vs. concrete, W: 186
antonyms (opposites), W: 190
colloquial, W: 181, 190
compound, W: 190, P: 320
confused, W: 187. See also Glossary of usage
connotation and denotation of, W: 186
division of, W: 190, P: 320
foreign, italics for, P: 330
general vs. specific, W: 186, M: 265
homophones (sound-alike), P: 318
invented, W: 180
meaning of, W: 186, 190, M: 281
misuse of, W: 187, 190
needed. See Needed words
obsolete, W: 180
origin of (etymology), W: 190
prefixes (beginnings of), P: 320
sound-alike. See Homophones
spelling of, P: 316
suffixes (endings of), P: 316, 320
synonyms (words with similar meanings), W: 186, 190, M: 281
unnecessary repetition of, W: 173
using your own. See Paraphrases; Summary
Words used as words
italics for, P: 330
plural of, P: 306
quotation marks for, P: 309
treated as singular, G: 204
Work in an anthology. See Anthology or collection
Working bibliography. See also Annotated bibliography
information for, C: 21
maintaining, R: 369
research log for, R: 357
Working thesis. See Thesis, working
Works cited list (MLA)
directory to models for, MLA: 388
formatting, C: 60, MLA: 463
general guidelines for, MLA: 423
models for, MLA: 414
sample, A: 107, MLA: 466
World Wide Web. See Internet; Web sources
Worn-out expressions (clichés), W: 188)
would, as modal verb, M: 253, 253, 258, B: 336
would of (nonstandard), W: 159
Writing guides
for analytical essay, A: 82
for annotated bibliography, R: 388
for argument paper, A: 112
for literacy narrative, C: 37
for reflective letter for a portfolio, C: 42
Writing in the disciplines, A: 117. See also Academic writing; Genre
asking questions, A: 117
assignments
lab report, A: 123
nursing practice paper, A: 123
psychology literature review, A: 123
understanding, C: 7, A: 122
choosing a citation style, A: 121
language conventions, A: 121, W: 178
using evidence, A: 121
Writing process
in the disciplines, A: 117
drafting, C: 14
editing, C: 30
planning, C: 3
reviewing, C: 22
revising, C: 22
Writing situation, C: 3, 5
Writing tutors, working with. See Revising with comments
Written texts. See also Reading
analyzing, A: 71
annotating, A: 72, 75, M: 283, R: 372
conversing with, A: 72
sample paper analyzing, A: 80
writing about, A: 75, 75
Y
yes, no, commas with, P: 294
yet
comma before, P: 287
as coordinating conjunction, B: 339
you
appropriate use of, S: 139, G: 223
inappropriate use of, W: 159, G: 223
vs. I or they, S: 139
and shifts in point of view, avoiding, S: 139
understood, M: 270, B: 342
your, you’re, W: 159
YouTube. See Video, online, citing