Types of visuals to suit your purpose

Pie chart

Pie charts compare a part or parts to the whole. Segments of the pie represent percentages of the whole (and always total 100 percent).

It is hard for people to make accurate comparisons of the size of wedges, so if precision is important, include the exact percentages as labels on the pie chart. Or report the data in a table rather than a chart.

Try not to create a pie chart with more than seven or eight wedges. Group tiny wedges as “other” if they are not important to your point.

Sample pie chart

Line graph

Line graphs highlight trends over a period of time. Data represented in a line graph should be continuous, so that it makes sense to connect the data points. If your data is noncontinuous or interval data, then use a bar graph.

Sample line graph

Sample line graph and table

Bar graph

Bar graphs can be used for the same purpose as line graphs. The sample bar graph displays the same data as in the sample line graph. If data are continuous (increasing over time), it makes sense to represent them either with a line or a bar. Consider which graph best represents the point you wish to make.

Sample bar graph 1

Sample bar graph 2

Table

Tables organize complicated numerical information into an accessible format. Tables allow readers to make complex comparisons of precise data. Always consider the order of rows and columns, depending on what relationships you wish to show in the data. Use white space, boldface, rules, indents, and tabs to create an orderly display.

Sample table 1

Sample table 2

Photograph

Photographs vividly depict people, scenes, or objects discussed in a text.

Sample photograph

Diagram

Diagrams, useful in scientific and technical writing, concisely illustrate processes, structures, or interactions.

Sample diagram

Map

Maps indicate locations, distances, and demographic information.

Sample map

Flowchart

Flowcharts show structures or steps in a process. Word contains various utilities in its Drawing Toolbar for creating flowcharts and organization charts.

Sample flowchart 1

Sample flowchart 2

Related topics:

Choosing appropriate visuals

Placing and labeling visuals

Using visuals responsibly