| 936–973 | Reign of Otto I in Germany; facilitates spread of Christianity in the Baltics and eastern Europe |
| 1059 | Lateran Council restricts election of the pope to the college of cardinals |
| 1061–1091 | Normans defeat Muslims and Byzantines in Sicily |
| 1066 | Norman conquest of England |
| 1073–1085 | Pontificate of Pope Gregory VII, proponent of Gregorian reforms |
| 1095–1291 | Crusades |
| 1098 | Cistercian order established |
| 1100–1135 | Reign of Henry I of England; establishment of the Exchequer, England’s bureau of finance |
| 1100–1200 | Establishment of canon law |
| 1154–1189 | Reign of Henry II of England; revision of legal procedure; beginnings of common law |
| 1170 | Thomas Becket assassinated in England |
| 1180–1223 | Reign of Philip II (Philip Augustus) in France; territory of France greatly expanded |
| 1198–1216 | Innocent III; height of the medieval papacy |
| 1215 | Magna Carta |
| 1216 | Papal recognition of Dominican order |
| 1221 | Papal recognition of Franciscan order |
| 1290 | Jews expelled from England |
| 1298 | Pope Boniface VIII orders all nuns to be cloistered |
| 1302 | Pope Boniface VIII declares all Christians subject to the pope in Unam Sanctam |
| 1306 | Jews expelled from France |
| 1397 | Queen Margrete establishes Union of Kalmar |