| 1299–1326 |
Reign of Osman, founder of the Ottoman Dynasty |
| 1299–1922 |
Ottoman Empire |
| 1336–1405 |
Life of Timur |
| ca. mid-1400s |
Coffeehouses become center of Islamic male social life |
| 1453 |
Ottoman conquest of Constantinople |
| 1501–1524 |
Reign of Safavid Shah Isma’il |
| 1501–1722 |
Safavid Empire |
| 1520–1558 |
Hürrem wields influence in the Ottoman Empire as Suleiman’s concubine and then wife |
| 1520–1566 |
Reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman I; period of artistic flowering in Ottoman Empire |
| 1521 |
Piri Reis produces Book of the Sea, a navigational map book |
| 1526–1857 |
Mughal Empire |
| 1556–1605 |
Reign of Akbar in Mughal Empire |
| 1570 |
Ottomans take control of Cyprus |
| 1571 |
First major Ottoman defeat by Christians, at Lepanto |
| 1587–1629 |
Reign of Shah Abbas; height of Safavid power; carpet weaving becomes major Persian industry |
| 1631–1648 |
Construction of Taj Mahal under Shah Jahan in India |
| 1658–1707 |
Reign of Aurangzeb; Mughal power begins to decline |
| 1763 |
Treaty of Paris recognizes British control over much of India |