Turmoil and Reform

How did the emperors respond to political, economic, and religious issues in the third and fourth centuries?

The prosperity and stability of the second century gave way to a period of domestic upheaval and foreign invasion in the Roman Empire that historians have termed the “crisis of the third century.” Trying to repair the damage was the major work of the emperors Diocletian (r. 284–305) and Constantine (r. 306–337), both of whom rose to leadership through the ranks of the military. They enacted political and religious reforms that dramatically changed the empire.