Preface

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PSYCHOLOGY IS FASCINATING, and so relevant to our everyday lives. Psychology’s insights enable us to be better students, more tuned-in friends and partners, more effective co-workers, and wiser parents. With this new edition, we hope to captivate students with what psychologists are learning about our human nature, to help them think more like psychological scientists, and, as the title implies, to help them relate psychology to their own lives—their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

For those of you familiar with other Myers/DeWall introductory psychology texts, you may be surprised at how different this text is. We have created this very brief, uniquely student-friendly book with supportive input from hundreds of instructors and students (by way of surveys, focus groups, content and design reviews, and class testing). Compacting our introduction of psychology’s key topics keeps both the length and the price manageable. And we write with the goal of making psychology accessible to all students, regardless of their personal or academic backgrounds. It has been gratifying to hear from instructors who have been delighted to find that this affordable, accessible text offers a complete, college-level survey of the field that they can offer proudly to their students.

What’s New in the Fourth Edition?

In addition to thorough updating of every chapter, with new infographic “Thinking Critically About” features, this fourth edition offers exciting new activities in the teaching package.

Hundreds of New Research Citations

Our ongoing scrutiny of dozens of scientific periodicals and science news sources, enhanced by commissioned reviews and countless e-mails from instructors and students, enables integrating our field’s most important, thought-provoking, and student-relevant new discoveries. Part of the pleasure that sustains this work is learning something new every day! See MacmillanLearning.com/PEL4eContent for a chapter-by-chapter list of significant Content Changes.

“Thinking Critically About” Infographic features

We worked with an artist to create infographic critical thinking features. (In many cases, these new infographics replace a more static boxed essay in the previous edition.) Several dozen instructors reviewed this feature, often sharing it with their students, and they were unanimously supportive. Students seem to enjoy engaging this visual tool for thinking critically about key psychological concepts (parenting styles, gender bias, group polarization, introversion, lifestyle changes, and more). A picture can indeed be worth a thousand words! (See FIGURE 1 for an example.)

image
Figure 402.1: FIGURE 1 Sample “Thinking Critically About” infographic from Chapter 10

“Assess Your Strengths” Activities for LaunchPad

With the significantly revised Assess Your Strengths activities, students apply what they are learning from the text to their own lives and experiences by considering key “strengths.” For each of these activities, we [DM and ND] start by offering a personalized video introduction, explaining how that strength ties in to the content of the chapter. Next, we ask students to assess themselves on the strength (critical thinking, quality of sleep, self-control, relationship-building, healthy belonging, hope, and more) using scales developed by researchers across psychological science. After showing students their results, we offer tips for nurturing that strength in students’ own lives. Finally, students take a quiz to help solidify their learning.

These activities reside in LaunchPad, an online resource designed to help achieve better course results. LaunchPad for Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition, also includes LearningCurve formative assessment and the “Immersive Learning: How Would You Know?” activities described next. For details, see p. xxii and LaunchPadWorks.com. For this new edition, you will see that we’ve offered callouts from the text pages to especially pertinent, helpful resources elsewhere in LaunchPad. (See FIGURE 2 for a sample.)

image To review the classic conformity studies and experience a simulated experiment, visit LaunchPad’s PsychSim 6: Everybody’s Doing It!

FIGURE 2 Sample LaunchPad callout from Chapter 1

“Immersive Learning: How Would You Know?” Research Activities

We [ND and DM] created these online activities to engage students in the scientific process, showing them how psychological research begins with a question, and how key decision points can alter the meaning and value of a psychological study. In a fun, interactive environment, students learn about important aspects of research design and interpretation, and develop scientific literacy and critical thinking skills in the process. I [ND] have enjoyed taking the lead on this project and sharing my research experience and enthusiasm with students. Topics include: “How Would You Know If a Cup of Coffee Can Warm Up Relationships?”; “How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety?”; and “How Would You Know If Schizophrenia Is Inherited?”

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What Continues in the Fourth Edition?

Eight Guiding Principles

Despite all the exciting changes, this new edition retains its predecessors’ voice, as well as much of the content and organization. It also retains the goals—the guiding principles—that have animated all of the Myers texts:

Facilitating the Learning Experience

1. To teach critical thinking By presenting research as intellectual detective work, we illustrate an inquiring, analytical mind-set. Whether students are studying development, cognition, or social behavior, they will become involved in, and see the rewards of, critical reasoning. Moreover, they will discover how an empirical approach can help them evaluate competing ideas and claims for highly publicized phenomena—ranging from ESP and alternative therapies to group differences in intelligence and repressed and recovered memories. Our new “Thinking Critically About” infographic features help engage students in this learning.

2. To integrate principles and applications Throughout—by means of anecdotes, case histories, and the posing of hypothetical situations—we relate the findings of basic research to their applications and implications. Where psychology can illuminate pressing human issues—be they racism and sexism, health and happiness, or violence and war—we have not hesitated to shine its light. Our newly revised “Assess Your Strengths” activities invite students to apply important concepts to their own lives, and to learn ways to develop key personal strengths.

3. To reinforce learning at every step Everyday examples and rhetorical questions encourage students to process the material actively. Concepts presented earlier are frequently applied, and reinforced, in later chapters. For instance, in Chapter 1, students learn that much of our information processing occurs outside of our conscious awareness. Ensuing chapters drive home this concept. Numbered Learning Objective Questions, Retrieve + Remember self-tests throughout each chapter, a marginal glossary, and Chapter Review key terms lists and self-tests help students learn and retain important concepts and terminology.

Demonstrating the Science of Psychology

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4. To exemplify the process of inquiry We strive to show students not just the outcome of research, but how the research process works. Throughout, the book tries to excite the reader’s curiosity. It invites readers to imagine themselves as participants in classic experiments. Several chapters introduce research stories as mysteries that progressively unravel as one clue after another falls into place. Our new “Immersive Learning: How Would You Know?” activities in LaunchPad encourage students to think about research questions and how they may be studied effectively.

5. To be as up-to-date as possible Few things dampen students’ interest as quickly as the sense that they are reading stale news. While retaining psychology’s classic studies and concepts, we also present the discipline’s most important recent developments. In this edition, 619 references are dated 2013–2016. Likewise, new photos and new everyday examples are drawn from today’s world.

6. To put facts in the service of concepts Our intention is not to fill students’ intellectual file drawers with facts, but to reveal psychology’s major concepts—to teach students how to think, and to offer psychological ideas worth thinking about. In each chapter, we place emphasis on those concepts we hope students will carry with them long after they complete the course. Always, we try to follow Albert Einstein’s purported dictum that “everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” Learning Objective Questions and Retrieve + Remember questions throughout each chapter help students focus on the most important concepts.

Promoting Big Ideas and Broadened Horizons

7. To enhance comprehension by providing continuity Many chapters have a significant issue or theme that links subtopics, forming a thread that ties the chapter together. The Learning chapter conveys the idea that bold thinkers can serve as intellectual pioneers. The Thinking, Language, and Intelligence chapter raises the issue of human rationality and irrationality. The Psychological Disorders chapter conveys empathy for, and understanding of, troubled lives. Other threads, such as cognitive neuroscience, dual processing, and cultural and gender diversity, weave throughout the whole book, and students hear a consistent voice.

8. To convey respect for human unity and diversity Throughout the book, readers will see evidence of our human kinship in our shared biological heritage—our common mechanisms of seeing and learning, hungering and feeling, loving and hating. They will also better understand the dimensions of our diversity—our individual diversity in development and aptitudes, temperament and personality, and disorder and health; and our cultural diversity in attitudes and expressive styles, child raising and care for the elderly, and life priorities.

The Writing

As with the third edition, we’ve written this book to be optimally accessible. The vocabulary is sensitive to students’ widely varying reading levels and backgrounds. (A Spanish language Glosario at the back of the book offers additional assistance for ESL Spanish speakers.) And this book is briefer than many texts on the market, making it easier to fit into one-term courses. Psychology in Everyday Life offers a complete survey of the field, but it is a more manageable survey, with an emphasis on the most humanly significant concepts. We continually asked ourselves while working, “Would an educated person need to know this? Would this help students live better lives?”

No Assumptions

Even more than in other Myers/DeWall texts, we have written Psychology in Everyday Life with the diversity of student readers in mind.

Four Big Ideas

In the general psychology course, it can be a struggle to weave psychology’s disparate parts into a cohesive whole for students, and for students to make sense of all the pieces. In Psychology in Everyday Life, we have introduced four of psychology’s big ideas as one possible way to make connections among all the concepts. These ideas are presented in Chapter 1 and gently integrated throughout the text.

1. Critical Thinking Is Smart Thinking

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We love to write in a way that gets students thinking and keeps them active as they read. Students will see how the science of psychology can help them evaluate competing ideas and highly publicized claims—ranging from intuition, subliminal persuasion, and ESP to alternative therapies, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and repressed and recovered memories.

In Psychology in Everyday Life, students have many opportunities to learn or practice critical thinking skills. (See TABLE 1 for a complete list of this text’s coverage of critical thinking topics.)

Table 402.1: TABLE 1 Critical Thinking

Critical thinking coverage can be found on the following pages:

A scientific model for studying psychology, pp. 174–175

Are intelligence tests biased?, pp. 251–252

Are personality tests able to predict behavior?, p. 362

Attachment style, development of, pp. 83–86

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), p. 377

Can memories of childhood sexual abuse be repressed and then recovered?, p. 214

Causation and the violence-viewing effect, pp. 189–190

Classifying psychological disorders, pp. 379–380

Confirmation bias, p. 223

Continuity vs. stage theories of development, pp. 68–69

Correlation and causation, pp. 16–17, 87, 92, 101

Critical thinking defined, p. 8

Critiquing the evolutionary perspective on sexuality, pp. 126–127

Discovery of hypothalamus reward centers, p. 42

Do lie detectors lie?, p. 276

Do other species have language?, pp. 236–237

Do other species share our cognitive abilities?, pp. 230–231

Do video games teach, or release, violence?, p. 334

Does meditation enhance health?, pp. 300–301

Effectiveness of alternative psychotherapies, p. 428

Emotion and the brain, pp. 37, 39–42

Emotional intelligence, p. 240

Evolutionary science and human origins, pp. 128–129

Extrasensory perception, pp. 162–163

Fear of flying vs. probabilities, p. 225

Freud’s contributions, pp. 355–357

Gender bias in the workplace, p. 110

Genetic and environmental influences on schizophrenia, pp. 403–404

Group differences in intelligence, pp. 248–252

Hindsight bias, pp. 11–12

How do nature and nurture shape prenatal development?, pp. 70–72

How do twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects of nature and nurture?, pp. 74–75

How does the brain process language?, pp. 234–235

How much is gender socially constructed vs. biologically influenced?, pp. 111–115

How valid is the Rorschach inkblot test?, p. 355

Human curiosity, pp. 2, 3

Humanistic perspective, evaluating, p. 359

Hypnosis: dissociation or social influence?, pp. 157–158

Importance of checking fears against facts, p. 225

Interaction of nature and nurture in overall development, p. 68

Is dissociative identity disorder a real disorder?, pp. 407–408

Is psychotherapy effective?, pp. 426–427

Is repression a myth?, p. 356

Limits of case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys, p. 16

Limits of intuition, pp. 10–12

Nature, nurture, and perceptual ability, pp. 151–152

Overconfidence, pp. 12, 226

Parenting styles, p. 87

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), pp. 382–383

Powers and limits of parental involvement on development, pp. 93–94

Powers and perils of intuition, pp. 227–228

Problem-solving strategies, pp. 222–223

Psychic phenomena, pp. 3, 162–163

Psychology: a discipline for critical thought, pp. 11, 14, 16

Religious involvement and longevity, pp. 301–302

Scientific attitude, p. 3

Scientific method, pp. 12–14

Sexual desire and ovulation, p. 116

Similarities and differences in social power between men and women, pp. 109, 110

Stress and cancer, p. 290

Stress and health, p. 292

Subliminal sensation and persuasion, p. 136

Technology and “big data” observations, p. 15

The divided brain, pp. 48–50

Therapeutic lifestyle change, p. 431

The stigma of introversion, p. 361

The Internet as social amplifier, p. 326

Using more than 10 percent of our brain, p. 46

Using psychology to debunk popular beliefs, p. 8

Values and psychology, pp. 21–23

What does selective attention teach us about consciousness?, pp. 51–53

What factors influence sexual orientation?, pp. 121–124

What is the connection between the brain and the mind?, p. 38

Wording effects, pp. 15–16

2. Behavior Is a Biopsychosocial Event

Students will learn that we can best understand human behavior if we view it from three levels—the biological, psychological, and social-cultural. This concept is introduced in Chapter 1 and revisited throughout the text. Readers will see evidence of our human kinship. Yet they will also better understand the dimensions of our diversity—our individual diversity, our gender diversity, and our cultural diversity. TABLE 2 provides a list of integrated coverage of the cross-cultural perspective on psychology. TABLE 3 lists the coverage of the psychology of women and men. Significant gender and cross-cultural examples and research are presented within the narrative. In addition, an abundance of photos showcases the diversity of cultures within North America and across the globe. These photos and their informative captions bring the pages to life, broadening students’ perspectives in applying psychological science to their own world and to others’ worlds across the globe.

Table 402.2: TABLE 2 Culture and Multicultural Experience

Coverage of culture and multicultural experience can be found on the following pages:

Academic achievement, pp. 249–251, 296

Achievement motivation, p. B-4

Adolescence, onset and end of, pp. 94–95

Aggression, pp. 332–333

Animal learning, p. 231

Animal research, views on, p. 22

Beauty ideals, p. 337

Biopsychosocial approach, pp. 7, 68, 111–115, 366, 378

Body image, p. 406

Child raising, pp. 86–88

Cognitive development of children, p. 82

Collectivism, p. 319

Crime and stress hormone levels, p. 408

Cultural values

child raising and, pp. 86–88

morality and, p. 90

psychotherapy and, p. 429

Culture

defined, p. 9

emotional expression and, pp. 278–280

intelligence test bias and, p. 251

the self and, pp. 369–371

Deindividuation, p. 324

Depression

and suicide, p. 400

risk of, p. 397

Developmental similarities across cultures, p. 68

Discrimination, pp. 327–328

Dissociative identity disorder, p. 407

Division of labor, p. 114

Divorce rate, p. 99

Dysfunctional behavior diagnoses, pp. 376–378

Eating disorders, p. 378

Enemy perceptions, p. 342

Expressions of grief, p. 101

Family environment, p. 92

Family self, sense of, pp. 86–88

Father’s presence

pregnancy and, p. 120

violence and, p. 333

Flow, pp. B-1–B-2

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon, p. 316

Framing, and organ donation, p. 227

Fundamental attribution error, p. 314

Gender roles, pp. 110, 113–114

Gender

aggression and, pp. 108–109

communication and, p. 109

sex drive and, p. 116

General adaptation syndrome, p. 287

Groupthink, pp. 325–326

Happiness, pp. 303, 305, 306–307

HIV/AIDS, pp. 118, 290

Homosexuality, attitudes toward, p. 121

Identity formation, pp. 91–92

Individualism, pp. 314, 319, 324

ingroup bias, p. 329

moral development and, p. 90

Intelligence, p. 238

group differences in, pp. 248–252

test scores, p. 249

Intelligence testing, pp. 240–242

Interracial dating, p. 327

Job satisfaction, p. B-5

Just-world phenomenon, p. 329

Language development, p. 234

Leadership, p. B-7

Life cycle, p. 68

Marriage, pp. 338–339

Mating preferences, p. 126

Mental disorders and stress, p. 378

Mere exposure effect, p. 335

Migration, p. 267

Motivation, p. 260

Naturalistic observation, pp. 14–15

Need to belong, pp. 266–267

Obedience, p. 321

Obesity, p. 264

and sleep loss, p. 265

Optimism, p. 296

Ostracism, p. 267

Parent-teen relations, pp. 92–93

Partner selection, p. 337

Peace, promoting, pp. 342–343

Personal control, p. 294

Personality traits, p. 360

Phobias, p. 382

Physical attractiveness, p. 337

Poverty, explanations of, p. 315

Power differences between men and women, pp. 109, 110

Prejudice, pp. 327–330

automatic, pp. 327–328

contact, cooperation, and, pp. 342–343

forming categories, p. 330

group polarization and, p. 325

racial, pp. 316, 327–328

subtle versus overt, pp. 327–328

unconscious, Supreme Court’s recognition of, p. 328

Prosocial behavior, pp. 188–189

Psychoactive drugs, pp. 393–394

Psychological disorders, pp. 376–378

treatment of, p. 429

Race-influenced perceptions, pp. 327–328

Racial similarities, pp. 249–251

Religious involvement and longevity, p. 301

Resilience, p. 438

Risk assessment, p. 224

Scapegoat theory, p. 329

Schizophrenia, pp. 403–405

Self-esteem, pp. 307, 367

Self-serving bias, p. 368

Separation anxiety, p. 84

Serial position effect, p. 207

Sexual risk-taking among teens, pp. 119–120

Social clock variation, p. 100

Social influence, pp. 319, 321–322

Social loafing, p. 324

Social networking, p. 268

Social support, p. 302

Social trust, p. 86

Social-cultural psychology, p. 6

Stereotype threat, pp. 251–252

Stereotypes, pp. 327, 329

Substance use disorders, pp. 386–394

rates of, p. 386

Susto, p. 378

Taijin-kyofusho, p. 378

Taste preference, p. 263

Terrorism, pp. 224, 225

Trauma, pp. 356, 426

Universal expressions, p. 8

Video game playing

compulsive, p. 386

effects of, p. 334

Weight, p. 264

Well-being, p. 307

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Table 402.3: TABLE 3 Psychology of Women and Men

Coverage of the psychology of women and men can be found on the following pages:

Age and decreased fertility, p. 96

Aggression, pp. 108–109, 331

testosterone and, p. 331

Alcohol use and sexual assault, p. 387

Alcohol use disorder, p. 387

Alcohol, women’s greater physical vulnerability, p. 387

Attraction, pp. 335–339

Beauty ideals, pp. 336–337

Bipolar disorder, p. 395

Body image, p. 406

Brain scans, and sex-reassignment surgery, p. 115

Depression, pp. 396–400

among girls, p. 92

higher vulnerability of women, pp. 396–399

seasonal pattern, p. 394

Eating disorders, p. 108

Emotion, p. 277

ability to detect, p. 277

expressiveness, p. 277

identification of as masculine or feminine, p. 277

Empathy, p. 277

Father’s presence

pregnancy rates and, p. 120

lower sexual activity and, p. 120

Freud’s views on gender identity development, p. 352

Gender, pp. 8–10

anxiety and, p. 396

biological influences on, pp. 111–113

changes in society’s thinking about, pp. 114, 128

social-cultural influences on, pp. 113–115

workplace bias and, p. 110

Gender differences, pp. 8–10, 108–111

rumination and, p. 399

evolutionary perspectives on, pp. 124–127

intelligence and, pp. 248–249

sexuality and, p. 125

Gender discrimination, p. 328

Gender identity, development of, pp. 114–115

in transgender individuals, p. 115

Gender roles, p. 114

Gender schema theory, p. 114

Gender similarities, pp. 108–111

Gender typing, p. 114

Generalized anxiety disorder, p. 381

HIV/AIDS, women’s vulnerability to, p. 118

Hormones and sexual behavior, pp. 116–117

Human sexuality, pp. 116–120

Leadership styles, p. 110

Learned helplessness, pp. 398–399

Love

companionate, pp. 338–339

passionate, p. 338

Marriage, pp. 98–99

Motor development, infant massage and, p. 77

Mating preferences, pp. 125–126

Maturation, pp. 88–89, 94

Menarche, p. 88

Menopause, p. 96

Pain, women’s greater sensitivity to, p. 156

Physical attractiveness, pp. 336–337

Posttraumatic stress disorder, p. 383

Puberty, pp. 88–89

early onset of, p. 88

Relationship equity, p. 339

Responses to stress, p. 288

Schizophrenia, p. 402

Sex, pp. 8, 116–120

Sex and gender, p. 108

Sex chromosomes, p. 111

Sex drive, gender differences, pp. 117–118, 125

Sex hormones, pp. 111, 116

Sex-reassignment, pp. 107, 113, 115

Sexual activity and aging, p. 97

Sexual activity, teen girls’ regret, p. 119

Sexual arousal, gender and gay-straight differences, p. 123

Sexual intercourse among teens, pp. 119–120

Sexual orientation, pp. 121–124

Sexual response cycle, p. 116

Sexual response, alcohol-related expectation and, p. 387

Sexual scripts, p. 333

Sexuality, natural selection and, pp. 125–126

Sexualization of girls, p. 120

Sexually explicit media, p. 333

Sexually transmitted infections, p. 118

Similarities and differences between men and women, pp. 108–111

Social clock, p. 100

Social connectedness, pp. 109–111

Social power, p. 109

Spirituality and longevity, p. 301

Substance use disorder and the brain, p. 387

Teen pregnancy, pp. 119–120

Violent crime, p. 108

Vulnerability to psychological disorders, p. 108

Women in psychology, pp. 2, 4

3. We Operate With a Two-Track Mind (Dual Processing)

Today’s psychological science explores our dual-processing capacity. Our perception, thinking, memory, and attitudes all operate on two levels: the level of fully aware, conscious processing, and the behind-the-scenes level of unconscious processing. Students may be surprised to learn how much information we process outside of our awareness. Discussions of sleep (Chapter 2), perception (Chapter 5), cognition (Chapter 8), emotion (Chapter 9), and attitudes and prejudice (Chapter 11) provide some particularly compelling examples of what goes on in our mind’s downstairs.

4. Psychology Explores Human Strengths as Well as Challenges

Students will learn about the many troublesome behaviors and emotions psychologists study, as well as the ways psychologists work with those who need help. Yet students will also learn about the beneficial emotions and traits that psychologists study, and the ways psychologists (some as part of the new positive psychology movement—see TABLE 4) attempt to nurture those traits in others. After studying with this text, students may find themselves living improved day-to-day lives. See, for example, tips for better sleep in Chapter 2, parenting suggestions throughout Chapter 3, information to help with romantic relationships in Chapters 3, 4, 11 and elsewhere, and tips for greater happiness in Chapter 10. Students may also find themselves doing better in their courses. See, for example, following this preface, “Time Management: Or, How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life”; “Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student” at the end of Chapter 1; “Improving Memory” in Chapter 7; and the helpful study tools throughout the text based on the documented testing effect. Students may learn to nurture their own strengths by completing the newly revised “Assess Your Strengths” activities in LaunchPad.

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Table 402.4: TABLE 4 Examples of Positive Psychology
Coverage of positive psychology topics can be found in the following chapters:
Topic Chapter
Altruism/compassion 3, 8, 11, 12, 14
Coping 10
Courage 11
Creativity 6, 8, 11, 12
Emotional intelligence 9, 11
Empathy 3, 6, 10, 11, 14
Flow 10, App B
Gratitude 9, 10
Happiness/life satisfaction 3, 9, 10, 11
Humility 11
Humor 10
Justice 3, 11
Leadership 11, 12, App B
Love 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Morality 3
Optimism 10, 12
Personal control 10
Resilience 3, 10, 11, 14
Self-discipline 3, 8, 9, 12, App B
Self-awareness 10
Self-efficacy 10, 12
Self-esteem 3, 4, 9, 11, 12
Spirituality 3, 4, 10
Toughness (grit) 8, App B
Wisdom 3, 8, 12

Everyday Life Applications

Throughout this text, as its title suggests, we relate the findings of psychology’s research to the real world. This edition includes:

See inside the front and back covers (or at the beginning of the e-Book) for a listing of students’ top-rated applications to everyday life from this text.

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Table 402.5: TABLE 5 Clinical Psychology

Coverage of clinical psychology can be found on the following pages:

Abused children, risk of psychological disorder among, p. 174

Alcohol use and aggression, p. 332

Alzheimer’s disease, pp. 33, 195, 264

Anxiety disorders, pp. 380–382

Autism spectrum disorder, pp. 80–81, 108, 223, 238

Aversive conditioning, pp. 421–422

Behavior modification, p. 422

Behavior therapies, pp. 419–422

Big Five, use in understanding personality disorders, p. 362

Bipolar disorder, pp. 395–396

Brain damage and memory loss, p. 208

Brain scans, p. 38

Brain stimulation therapies, pp. 434–436

Childhood trauma, effect on mental health, p. 86

Client-analyst relationship in psychoanalysis, pp. 416–417

Client-therapist relationship, p. 429

Clinical psychologists, pp. 5–6

Cognitive therapies, pp. 422–424

eating disorders and, pp. 423–424

Culture and values in psychotherapy, p. 429

Depression:

adolescence and, p. 92

heart disease and, pp. 291–292

homosexuality and, p. 121

mood-memory connection and, p. 207

outlook and, p. 399

self-esteem and, pp. 17, 92

social exclusion and, p. 93

unexpected loss and, p. 101

Dissociative and personality disorders, pp. 406–409

Dissociative identity disorder, therapist’s role, pp. 407–408

Drug therapies, pp. 18–19, 432–434

DSM-5, p. 379

Eating disorders, pp. 405–406

Emotional intelligence, p. 240

Evidence-based clinical decision making, p. 428

Exercise, therapeutic effects of, pp. 298–299, 431

Exposure therapies, pp. 420–421

Generalized anxiety disorder, p. 381

Grief therapy, p. 101

Group and family therapies, p. 425

Historical treatment of mental illness, p. 416

Hospitals, clinical psychologists and, p. 416

Humanistic therapies, pp. 418–419

Hypnosis and pain relief, pp. 157–158

Intelligence scales and stroke rehabilitation, p. 242

Lifestyle change, therapeutic effects of, p. 431

Loss of a child, psychiatric hospitalization and, p. 101

Major depressive disorder, pp. 394–395

Medical model of mental disorders, p. 378

Neurotransmitter imbalances and related disorders, pp. 33–34

Nurturing strengths, pp. 358–359

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, p. 382

Operant conditioning, p. 422

Ostracism, pp. 267–268

Panic disorder, pp. 381–382

Person-centered therapy, p. 419

Personality inventories, pp. 361–362

Personality testing, pp. 361–362

Phobias, p. 382

Physical and psychological treatment of pain, pp. 155–158

Posttraumatic stress disorder, pp. 382–383

Psychiatric labels and bias, pp. 379–380

Psychoactive drugs, types of, pp. 385–386

Psychoanalysis, pp. 416–418

Psychodynamic theory, pp. 350–353

Psychodynamic therapy, pp. 417–418

Psychological disorders, pp. 375–380

are those with disorders dangerous?, pp. 409–410

classification of, pp. 379–380

gender differences in, p. 108

preventing, and building resilience, pp. 436–438

Psychotherapy, pp. 416–417

effectiveness of, pp. 426–427

Rorschach inkblot test, p. 355

Savant syndrome, pp. 238–239

Schizophrenia, pp. 401–405

parent-blaming and, p. 93

risk of, pp. 403–405

Self-actualization, p. 357

Self-injury, pp. 400–401

Sex-reassignment surgery, pp. 113, 115

Sleep disorders, pp. 58–60

Spanked children, risk for aggression among, p. 181

Substance use disorders and addictive behaviors, pp. 385–394

Suicide, pp. 400–401

Testosterone replacement therapy, p. 116

Tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction, p. 386

Study System Follows Best Practices From Learning and Memory Research

This text’s learning system harnesses the testing effect, which documents the benefits of actively retrieving information through self-testing (FIGURE 3). Thus, each chapter offers 12 to 15 Retrieve + Remember questions interspersed throughout (FIGURE 4). Creating these desirable difficulties for students along the way optimizes the testing effect, as does immediate feedback (via answers that are available after attempting to answer each question).

image
Figure 402.2: FIGURE 3 How to learn and remember For a 5-minute animated guide to more effective studying, visit tinyurl.com/HowToRemember.

In addition, each main section of text begins with a numbered question that establishes a learning objective and directs student reading. The Chapter Review section repeats these questions as a further self-testing opportunity (with answers a click away in the e-Book, or in the printed Appendix D, Complete Chapter Reviews). The Chapter Review section also offers a page-referenced list of Terms and Concepts to Remember, and Chapter Test questions in multiple formats to promote optimal retention.

Retrieve + Remember

Question 402.1

What does a good theory do?

ANSWER: 1. It organizes observed facts. 2. It implies hypotheses that offer testable predictions and, sometimes, practical applications. 3. It often stimulates further research.

Question 402.2

Why is replication important?

ANSWER: When others are able to repeat (replicate) studies and produce similar results, psychologists can have more confidence in the original findings.

FIGURE 4 Sample of Retrieve + Remember feature

Each chapter closes with In Your Everyday Life questions, designed to help students make the concepts more personally meaningful, and therefore more memorable. These questions are also well designed to function as group discussion topics. The text offers hundreds of interesting applications to help students see just how applicable psychology’s concepts are to everyday life.

These features enhance the Survey-Question-Read-Retrieve-Review (SQ3R) format. Chapter outlines allow students to survey what’s to come. Learning objective questions encourage students to read actively. Periodic Retrieve + Remember sections and the Chapter Review (with repeated Learning Objective Questions, Key Terms and Concepts list, and a complete Chapter Test) encourage students to test themselves by retrieving what they know and reviewing what they don’t. (See FIGURE 4 for a Retrieve + Remember sample.)

Our LearningCurve formative quizzing in LaunchPad is built on these principles as well, allowing students to develop a personalized learning plan.

Multimedia for Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition

Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition, boasts impressive multimedia options. For more information about any of these choices, visit our online catalog at MacmillanLearning.com/PEL4eContent.

LaunchPad

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LaunchPad (LaunchPadWorks.com) was carefully designed to solve key challenges in the course (see FIGURE 5). LaunchPad gives students everything they need to prepare for class and exams, while giving instructors everything they need to quickly set up a course, shape the content to their syllabus, craft presentations and lectures, assign and assess homework, and guide the progress of individual students and the class as a whole.

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Figure 402.3: FIGURE 5 Sample from LaunchPad

Faculty Support and Student Resources

Video and Presentation

Assessment

Print

APA Assessment Tools

In 2011, the American Psychological Association (APA) approved the new Principles for Quality Undergraduate Education in Psychology. These broad-based principles and their associated recommendations were designed to “produce psychologically literate citizens who apply the principles of psychological science at work and at home.” (See apa.org/education/undergrad/principles.aspx.)

APA’s more specific 2013 Learning Goals and Outcomes, from their Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology Major, Version 2.0, were designed to gauge progress in students graduating with psychology majors. (See apa.org/ed/precollege/about/psymajor-guidelines.pdf.) Many psychology departments use these goals and outcomes to help establish their own benchmarks for departmental assessment purposes.

Some instructors are eager to know whether a given text for the introductory course helps students get a good start at achieving these APA benchmarks. TABLE 6 outlines the way Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition, could help you to address the 2013 APA Learning Goals and Outcomes in your department. In addition, the Test Bank questions for Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition, are all keyed to these APA Learning Goals and Outcomes.

Table 402.6: TABLE 6 Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition, Corresponds to 2013 APA Learning Goals
Relevant Feature from Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition APA Learning Goals
Knowledge Base in Psychology Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World Communication Professional Development
Text content
Four Big Ideas in Psychology as integrating themes
“Thinking Critically About” features
Learning Objective Questions previewing main sections
Retrieve + Remember sections throughout
In Your Everyday Life questions at end of each chapter
“Try this”-style activities integrated throughout
Chapter Tests
Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life appendix
Psychology at Work appendix
Subfields of Psychology appendix, with Careers in Psychology online appendix
LaunchPad with LearningCurve formative quizzing
“Assess Your Strengths” feature in LaunchPad
“Immersive Learning: How Would You Know?” activities in LaunchPad

An APA working group in 2013 drafted guidelines for Strengthening the Common Core of the Introductory Psychology Course (tinyurl.com/14dsdx5). Their goals were to “strike a nuanced balance providing flexibility yet guidance.” The group noted that “a mature science should be able to agree upon and communicate its unifying core while embracing diversity.”

MCAT Now Includes Psychology

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Since 2015, the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) has devoted 25 percent of its questions to the “Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior,” with most of those questions coming from the psychological science taught in introductory psychology courses. From 1977 to 2014, the MCAT focused on biology, chemistry, and physics. Hereafter, reported the Preview Guide for MCAT 2015, the exam will also recognize “the importance of socio-cultural and behavioral determinants of health and health outcomes.” The exam’s new psychology section includes the breadth of topics in this text. For example, see TABLE 7, which outlines the precise correlation between this text’s coverage of Emotion and of Stress, and the corresponding portion of the MCAT exam. To improve their MCAT preparation, I [ND] have taught premedical students an intensive course covering the topics that appear in this text. For a complete pairing of the new MCAT psychology topics with this book’s contents, see MacmillanLearning.com/PEL4eContent. In addition, the Test Bank questions for Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition, are keyed to the new MCAT.

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Table 402.7: TABLE 7 Sample MCAT Correlation with Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition
MCAT 2015 Psychology in Everyday Life, Fourth Edition, Correlations
Content Category 6C: Responding to the world Page Number
Emotion Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition; Embodied Emotion; Expressed and Experienced Emotion 270–283
Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological, behavioral) Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition 270–273
Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, and sadness) The Basic Emotions 273–274
Culture and Emotion—including the universal emotions 278–279
Adaptive role of emotion Emotion as the body’s adaptive response 270
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System 274
Theories of emotion
James-Lange theory James-Lange Theory: Arousal Comes Before Emotion 271
Cannon-Bard theory Cannon-Bard Theory: Arousal and Emotion Happen at the Same Time 271
Schachter-Singer theory Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory: Arousal + Label = Emotion 271–272
The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System 274
Brain regions involved in the generation and experience of emotions The Physiology of Emotions 274
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus: Emotion and the Two-Track Brain 272–273
The role of the limbic system in emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System 274
Physiological differences among specific emotions 274–275
Emotion and the autonomic nervous system Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System 274
Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of emotion) The Physiology of Emotions 274–276
Stress Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing 284–311
The nature of stress Stress: Some Basic Concepts 286–288
Appraisal Stress appraisal 286
Different types of stressors (i.e., cataclysmic events, personal) Stressors—Things That Push Our Buttons 286–287
Effects of stress on psychological functions Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion 287–288
Stress outcomes/response to stressors Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion 287–288
Physiological Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion 287–288
Stress Effects and Health 288–292
Emotional Stress and Heart Disease—The Effects of Personality Type, The Effects of Pessimism and Depression 290–292
Coping With Stress 293–298
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 382–385
Behavioral Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion 287–288
Coping With Stress 293–298
Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques, spirituality) Managing Stress Effects—aerobic exercise, relaxation and meditation, faith communities 298–302

In Appreciation

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Aided by input from thousands of instructors and students over the years, this has become a better, more effective, more accurate book than two authors alone (these authors at least) could write. Our indebtedness continues to the innumerable researchers who have been so willing to share their time and talent to help us accurately report their research, and to the hundreds of instructors who have taken the time to offer feedback.

Our gratitude extends to the colleagues who contributed criticism, corrections, and creative ideas related to the content, pedagogy, and format of this new edition and its teaching package. For their expertise and encouragement, and the gift of their time to the teaching of psychology, we thank the reviewers and consultants listed here.

Matthew Alcala Santa Ana College

Burton Beck Pensacola State College

LaQuisha Beckum De Anza College

Gina Bell Santa Barbara City College

Bucky Bhadha Pasadena City College

Gerald Braasch McHenry County College

T. L. Brink Cosumnes River College

Eric Bruns Campbellsville University

Carrie Canales West Los Angeles College

Michael Cassens Irvine Valley College

Wilson Chu Cerritos College

Jeffrey Cooley University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh

Amy Cunningham San Diego Mesa College

Robert DuBois Waukesha County Technical College

Michael Fantetti Western New England University

Jessica Fede Johnson and Wales University

Perry Fuchs University of Texas at Arlington

Marcus Galle University of Texas Rio Grande Valley

Caroline Gee Saddleback College

Emily Germain Southern Wesleyan University

Pavithra Giridharan Middlesex Community College

Allyson Graf Elmira College

Philippe Gross Kapi’olani Community College

Christopher Hayashi Southwestern College

Ann Hennessey Los Angeles Pierce College

Julia Hoigaard Fullerton College

Lindsay Holland Chattanooga State Community College

Michael Huff College of the Canyons

Lynn Ingram University of North Carolina, Wilmington

Linda Johnson Butte College

Andrew Kim Citrus College

Kristie Knows His Gun George Fox University

Misty Kolchakian Mt. San Antonio College

Linda Krajewski Norco College

Marika Lamoreaux Georgia State University

Kelly Landman Delaware County Community College

Karen Markowitz Grossmont College

Jan Mendoza Golden West College

Peter Metzner Vance-Granville Community College

Josh Muller College of the Sequoias

Hayley Nelson Delaware County Community College

David Oberleitner University of Bridgeport

Susan O’Donnell George Fox University

Ifat Pelad College of the Canyons

Lien Pham Orange Coast College

Debra Phoenix Maher Orange Coast College

Jack Powell University of Hartford

Joseph Reish Tidewater Community College

Ja Ne’t Rommero Mission College

Edie Sample Metropolitan Community College-Elkorn Valley Campus

Meridith Selden Yuba College

Aya Shigeto Nova Southeastern University

Michael Skibo Westchester Community College

Bradley Stern Cosumnes River College

Leland Swenson California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Shawn Ward Le Moyne College

Jane Whitaker University of the Cumberlands

Judith Wightman Kirkwood Community College

Ellen Wilson University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh

We appreciate the guidance offered by the following teaching psychologists, who reviewed and offered helpful feedback on the development of our “Assess Your Strengths” LaunchPad activities, or on our new “Immersive Learning: How Would You Know?” feature in LaunchPad. (See LaunchPadWorks.com.)

“Assess Your Strengths” Activity Reviewers

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Malinde Althaus, Inver Hills Community College

TaMetryce Collins, Hillsborough Community College, Brandon

Lisa Fosbender, Gulf Coast State College

Kelly Henry, Missouri Western State University

Brooke Hindman, Greenville Technical College

Natalie Kemp, University of Mount Olive

David Payne, Wallace Community College

Tanya Renner, Kapi’olani Community College

Lillian Russell, Alabama State University, Montgomery

Amy Williamson, Moraine Valley Community College

“Immersive Learning: How Would You Know?” Activity Reviewers

Pamela Ansburg, Metropolitan State University of Denver

Makenzie Bayles, Jacksonville State University

Lisamarie Bensman, University of Hawai’i at Manoa

Jeffrey Blum, Los Angeles City College

Pamela Costa, Tacoma Community College

Jennifer Dale, Community College of Aurora

Michael Devoley, Lone Star College, Montgomery

Rock Doddridge, Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College

Kristen Doran, Delaware County Community College

Nathaniel Douda, Colorado State University

Celeste Favela, El Paso Community College

Nicholas Fernandez, El Paso Community College

Nathalie Franco, Broward College

Sara Garvey, Colorado State University

Nichelle Gause, Clayton State University

Michael Green, Lone Star College, Montgomery

Christine Grela, McHenry County College

Rodney Joseph Grisham, Indian River State College

Toni Henderson, Langara College

Jessica Irons, James Madison University

Darren Iwamoto, Chaminade University of Honolulu

Jerwen Jou, University of Texas, Pan American

Rosalyn King, Northern Virginia Community College, Loudoun Campus

Claudia Lampman, University of Alaska, Anchorage

Mary Livingston, Louisiana Tech University

Christine Lofgren, University of California, Irvine

Thomas Ludwig, Hope College

Theresa Luhrs, DePaul University

Megan McIlreavy, Coastal Carolina University

Elizabeth Mosser, Harford Community College

Robin Musselman, Lehigh Carbon Community College

Kelly O’Dell, Community College of Aurora

William Keith Pannell, El Paso Community College

Eirini Papafratzeskakou, Mercer County Community College

Jennifer Poole, Langara College

James Rodgers, Hawkeye Community College

Regina Roof-Ray, Harford Community College

Lisa Routh, Pikes Peak Community College

Conni Rush, Pittsburg State University

Randi Smith, Metropolitan State University of Denver

Laura Talcott, Indiana University, South Bend

Cynthia Turk, Washburn University

Parita Vithlani, Harford Community College

David Williams, Spartanburg Community College

We offer thanks to the three dozen instructors who thoughtfully responded to our new edition planning survey, from the following schools:

Allan Hancock College

Antelope Valley College

Bakersfield College

Barstow Community College

Bristol Community College

California State University, Chico

California State University, Long Beach

Cerritos College

Chaffey College

Chandler Gilbert Community College

Dallas County Community College

John Carroll University

Johnson & Wales University

Lincoln University

Middlesex Community College

North Lake College

Northampton Community College

Northern Essex College

Northern Kentucky University

Paradise Valley Community College

Pensacola State College

Rowan University

Sierra College

Suffolk County Community College

Tennessee State University

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Upper Iowa University

Utica College

Valdosta State University

Yuba College

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And we appreciate the input from the students who helped us select the best of the application questions from the text, to appear inside the front and back covers of this new edition. Those students represent the following schools:

College of St. Benedict

Cornell University

Creighton University

Fordham University

George Washington University

Hofstra University

Hope College

James Madison University

State University of New York at Geneseo

University of Kentucky

University of New Hampshire

At Worth Publishers a host of people played key roles in creating this fourth edition.

Noel Hohnstine and Laura Burden coordinated production of the huge media component for this edition, including the fun Assess Your Strengths activities. Betty Probert effectively edited and produced print and media supplements and, in the process, also helped fine-tune the whole book. Katie Pachnos provided invaluable support in commissioning and organizing the multitude of reviews, e-mailing information to professors, and handling numerous other daily tasks related to the book’s development and production. Lee McKevitt did a splendid job of laying out each page. Robin Fadool and Candice Cheesman worked together to locate the myriad photos. Art Manager Matthew McAdams coordinated our working with artist Evelyn Pence to create the wonderful new “Thinking Critically About” infographics.

Tracey Kuehn, Director of Content Management Enhancement, displayed tireless tenacity, commitment, and impressive organization in leading Worth’s gifted artistic production team and coordinating editorial input throughout the production process. Project Editor Won McIntosh and Senior Production Supervisor Sarah Segal masterfully kept the book to its tight schedule, and Director of Design Diana Blume and Senior Design Manager Blake Logan skillfully created the beautiful new design program.

As you can see, although this book has two authors it is a team effort. A special salute is due to two of our book development editors, who have invested so much in creating Psychology in Everyday Life. My [DM] longtime editor Christine Brune saw the need for a very short, accessible, student-friendly introductory psychology text, and she energized and guided the rest of us in bringing her vision to reality. Development editor Nancy Fleming is one of those rare editors who is gifted at “thinking big” about a chapter—and with a kindred spirit to our own—while also applying her sensitive, graceful, line-by-line touches. Her painstaking, deft editing was a key part of achieving the hoped-for brevity and accessibility. Development Editors Trish Morgan and Danielle Slevens also amazed us with their meticulous focus, impressive knowledge, and helpful editing. And Deborah Heimann did an excellent job with the copyediting.

To achieve our goal of supporting the teaching of psychology, this teaching package not only must be authored, reviewed, edited, and produced, but also made available to teachers of psychology, with effective guidance and professional and friendly servicing close at hand. For their exceptional success in doing all this, our author team is grateful to Macmillan Learning’s professional sales and marketing team. We are especially grateful to Executive Marketing Manager Kate Nurre, Senior Marketing Manager Lindsay Johnson, and Learning Solutions Specialist Nicki Trombley both for their tireless efforts to inform and guide our teaching colleagues about our efforts to assist their teaching, and for the joy of working with them.

At Hope College, the supporting team members for this edition included Kathryn Brownson, who researched countless bits of information and edited and proofed hundreds of pages. Kathryn is a knowledgeable and sensitive adviser on many matters, and Sara Neevel is our high-tech manuscript developer, par excellence. At the University of Kentucky, Lorie Hailey has showcased a variety of indispensable qualities, including a sharp eye and a strong work ethic.

Again, I [DM] gratefully acknowledge the editing assistance and mentoring of my writing coach, poet Jack Ridl, whose influence resides in the voice you will be hearing in the pages that follow. He, more than anyone, cultivated my delight in dancing with the language, and taught me to approach writing as a craft that shades into art. Likewise, I [ND] am grateful to my intellectual hero and mentor, Roy Baumeister, who taught me how to hone my writing and embrace the writing life.

After hearing countless dozens of people say that this book’s resource package has taken their teaching to a new level, we reflect on how fortunate we are to be a part of a team in which everyone has produced on-time work marked by the highest professional standards. For their remarkable talents, their long-term dedication, and their friendship, we thank John Brink, Thomas Ludwig, Richard Straub, Sue Frantz, and Jim Cuellar.

And we have enjoyed our ongoing work with each other! It has been a joy for me [DM] to welcome Nathan into this project. Nathan’s fresh insights and contributions are enriching this book as we work together on each chapter. With support from our wonderful editors, this is a team project. In addition to our work together on the textbook, Nathan and I contribute to the monthly Teaching Current Directions in Psychological Science column in the APS Observer (tinyurl.com/MyersDeWall). I [DM] also blog at TalkPsych.com, where I share exciting new findings, everyday applications, and observations on all things psychology.

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Finally, our gratitude extends to the many students and instructors who have written to offer suggestions, or just an encouraging word. It is for them, and those about to begin their study of psychology, that we have done our best to introduce the field we love.

* * *

The day this book went to press was the day we started gathering information and ideas for the next edition. Your input will influence how this book continues to evolve. So, please, do share your thoughts.

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Hope College

Holland, Michigan 49422-9000 USA

DavidMyers.org

myers@hope.edu

@DavidGMyers

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University of Kentucky

Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044 USA

NathanDeWall.com

nathan.dewall@uky.edu

@cndewall