Distinguish among Information, Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation

Distinguish among Information, Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation

One way to judge a source’s trustworthiness is to ask yourself: Is it reliable information, or is it propaganda, misinformation, or disinformation?3 (See Figure 9.3.)

Ethical speeches are based on sound information—on facts put into context—rather than on misinformation, propaganda, or disinformation. Being alert to these distinctions is therefore an important aspect of being both a speaker and a consumer of speeches.

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FIGURE 9.3 Information, Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation