Chapter 18 Review
“Persuasive speakers are credible, logical, and emotionally affecting.”
After you have selected a topic for your persuasive speech, analyzed your audience, and chosen an effective thesis, you need to develop a message that compels listeners to accept your thesis—and your ultimate goal of changing or strengthening their beliefs, attitudes, or actions. You can do this by combining ethos, logos, and pathos.
Through ethos, you establish your credibility as a speaker. The audience must perceive that you are competent and trustworthy and have their best interests at heart. You can avoid losing credibility by avoiding statements that raise doubts about your knowledge, honesty, or goodwill.
Through logos, you use credible evidence to support your claims. You also present sound reasoning to establish these claims by using examples, comparisons, signs, and cause-effect relationships. When reasoning, it is essential to avoid logical fallacies.
Through pathos, you further strengthen your persuasive power by evoking your audience members’ emotions—not to manipulate your listeners but to move them in an ethical and responsible manner to take the action you’re proposing or adopt the belief you’re advocating.
Together, ethos, logos, and pathos can help you win your listeners’ heads (their reason), hearts (their emotions), and hands (their commitment to action). Master these three tools, and you’ll greatly enhance your prowess as a persuasive speaker.
LaunchPad for Speak Up offers videos and encourages self-assessment through adaptive quizzing. Look for the
and
throughout the chapter for adaptive quizzing and online video activities.
fallacious (faulty) reasoning 543
representative example 549
ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy 555
ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy 555
slippery slope fallacy 557
false dilemma fallacy 557
appeal to tradition fallacy 558
loaded language fallacy 565
Question
py0h4w38sicEh0T7zWXMppMm2iYTdTpbkXFFd4RhOKoLO7YDgvdhVIAe+GUnrgqZpLpCj/MZ+JU=
Question
ItjgrIgFsxxhgNI+eitkVhf/Ql/OrZBRDjkIVn8rtB7RlEd2DFeS+INdFrt7sKXfN1W+wmwRUtBFitZXYZApDYuknUw=
Question
adLLfTP5aV7Uc59y7VurBomBrX6i01/rb3IysjuwS9yTUwpLRDocZjpHPexNcxjBChtXY0UVxxgd8Av7tNGeYPDJKSW0gdhs
Question
LpVJauLSzVW/dnCu7FgKCsUJGgbAeuLoJDA8vNbllxHSd8s6g+jTAfjWHLmtkFWA5OHU22IAyBHGj2eUmHla1w==
Question
u39nULvZhpArqSmOJLUB/2yFiyaeVwYKj68khxHxWf+pa3pMx48j1W+BKPNlVuPr+kszZw==
Question
5NUhstl0rxV3Ma+wh8h2b2EDyZP4ZkdTB++k3b2ABVe+S1lSZF1dWK55PPAO8X7g6vcxlhqcor8IrGgjZFmm5g==
Question
AyHByM1O/2kSParHVc5ZKGGiFlaBhnYuDTUV2s2ggurAUgApIqLI2i4NVj4XeVxXifW3SOMIW5f1vMnV
Critical Thinking Questions
Question
/M7zHCK29Ij09chNa3Skskc6/cD7mBLPbWKLlnibnVveBuTAHgYUWLMtfU2xIEgExGjYO9/jucz2Pqe4oWP5z0AYBOWKp3nXrzHpo3yMhiRfdyG0EohttMaw2ZckF+JaeyVbfgAOGq2gvybzlnj3Vscwk9xH65IuTnyKJl76/Vqrcz7xSGIlLACoVJi4hphLBSVzzXNUolDz4FGRRRpoaTzz7JkN+8JwggCVpoYI4MgnUyM1zwdXw2+qGZFc8S3lrcSESCQYcSD54PzZj36nPVoNhKVKsR2knmcR0PxV56jWjw8J
Question
O0z861jfn9PcMJFppmQyoV+UfTcMQOrcuw/6W7NnL/kBMJFRZr1pWjW3HVKAAmgmn9PPjCpLxn7tKBwX3qVydO+VLzfDDzgP4pwzUx8GGNsmabbNrfvV0czsizb+w1LgOEdVGSKqpjeBGgLG4Jg2oK4p6arTvxYztDw8V/aymbJQltY25p7GP8ipyfhWkE3jcVVO788jP/wry3GOdMHFelrqjm3qR9XhJSCbVlOKDo7i3SuuNETQwXceERsjTtZ5HYZufB8KG9juiINEi1A437/dUL/rmDBH+DV83A==
Question
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
How should a speaker who favors a particular tradition develop a logical argument in favor of that tradition that avoids committing an appeal to tradition fallacy? For example, how might a speaker build a case for the general education requirement described in the text on page 558? In a broader sense, how can you build a strong and ethical argument for maintaining a tradition that you support?
Question
b4leUEbEvSRZ7IC1Pijrs/Rahug8Ysmmhr0G1F+V+DPhfYbhvZ61NAAasNStxgiMbTx2EgLXETC4bge6UTsai6koE445LTAB8udllQ==
Question
Mlyhgpelevt/diYU1RrJUuqi6LPA1w/TiXldLkl+bfXzZJV09FGtQxXIEqJbsTIqsvg+U/UHH5miYwaCXL6t2VA7BPUZZIAmg3yoYXNq3dCj3+8szZe5EP7V9IeMajxLGTxpegyixJM2faIt38uAOXC1B9uaQ9FHHPJjyxtRzrsfSDnRQ5h2D5daW4/XI+kcfeZsgFNmW+c3pkabgjfSJmGETeFy0+k0TbIKltZqwqay2lExz1GA5udbg19ZiEjgc+FTqvq9H4nykUCKTJaW3PYBOWCcvF0ohhOoi5YRlmfkWQn8pxzkbjC98/TlGsxNkIi/BakRI2O6fgU+WnThrS0IcbdKYz5a3y2UP/FkPVAwN/ji7vQu8/LE7ToB8/qCH4Bb474g52uVqR5nj3MaLRx+5wJK0PMrEtR1v+P+uWt0fEh5k/9N2A==
Question
33jOQvIPHdS84vRYZzy3jWVgBtH8ghPXVLUze/cObDwHcVaBF3BaN7/r61Xvs/J40JGK0tFbk0l6RTtCGllP7tpRp0NSRnOh4Xup1U1YdWiU9yQa9RwwNYkM2EgGLzHLBeOr89ExVaZ0EWhRXg2Y7KIS7VUfw8cKaHZZKemZH8/76ogDoRzaUI59V1a4t0Yvgo0AlXT376GyAIKTBJn5ZSCDiuFQlU5ztMomR+fBGOREwKC9q5+xrgqT+/6ZBNsSPX9d3DlB+yYo4wD184Fe4yJrrmaOaYzruwjroMlowYwFCTnR1yGnLu9hlvSNZ/rM4fYCyzxgyq0ccm3ZuaZx8xjQzdU0r1JGeSWN7Yat4/Iz91qrjcCcZfvS+vjUePs5v9PIBivtiBlPizyiBXl02TNeGok=
Chapter 18 - Activity Question 1
Question
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
Chapter 18 - Activity Question 2
Question
wiG9d1bZf6mDvHkM0Im7kLyiwHx0rFcyKvbmUM1AYKjA+B8/K+7z6IZcSPfEED9Oo8x+EKaFUhU0nWpT8n9heJs2Cdd3vB99WlpRagUT3iyAEdXuG2u2+lScDB3aT3rNmlszdgUMf1tbGNJUiE4J9zmRQmJEePn1KZVmoBiY85U02xPBFq9x1UsHRnwwfaMxnb9ODJhoeoEnuODBcwu+jZ9bStHcOUVaMEcrWQVVn37fyCdUPY8WRjQml17v0o6uzZwdA8vZh0ORuMcEyVgNRnqxCJOnocUPJjRmGy3T2ZIjIG12mjZ8qFi8rDe3xpNPniE4ngpK9RaHYiOE/990w5P6wNdtN7TgUuF1aoMCKZm2fHGp+iYbC9MQ5udKjhuR2h+RkCfF8jKtPj/wrTdLDcSjOW6Uc+AZSBZc5W4MIlBOcYqlxXPwMrBi94YBQ3/c7JYnGhPpZF30BejB
Chapter 18 - Activity Question 3
Question
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
Chapter 18 - Activity Question 4
Question
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
Chapter 18 - Activity Question 5
Question
QpmKDa64AaFjVjkFo1L44KjWQcEI0TWWl7j6CcQKv91i6VeJdd05UGLjzXoyTtH91c89V8UanA8BWn1I61N4k9obZ6PRqQY+7vH/rW0TYrt02UYZJkxlJ1D7orxHVK+xcREmTFbmD2qmA+/TZIpctmsbCLuPyfPd9c6ODnvH0QfAwtnR0y9JR6TWcusIxVV7svhxp1eGOA9CgZ9iq9vTlkohspz+QkaCgpTyfApWb/Ur/ddB9pkM7bFAn19nxE84OF6WhCEUeHM/gdZrgiqGgTd5GxOYggDelCUQrlkaGDnJeZ4c0ouLr2gQAtYjvqTf89HA4//i9A4HMqNGmyBVkm3qkOIJDyamWtYdYku8HPjgPa8cziCo4t7vBVM9eqT45WquAuKYdzoxFakqa9PKAuWTUmOGYrpq8sA+38pU5H10iwG/fYGblIoKh05JaDmOqy7VPJ4X1b0Mq0/dRDiTkC8lGDc=
Chapter 18 - Activity Question 6