APA Style
Printed Page 616-632
APA Style
APA (American Psychological Association) style consists of two elements: citations in the text and a list of references at the end of the document.
| APA Style for Textual Citations | |
| 1. Summarized or Paraphrased Material | 6. Multiple Authors with the Same Last Name |
| 2. Quoted Material or Specific Fact | 7. Multiple Sources in One Citation |
| 3. Source with Multiple Authors | 8. Personal Communication |
| 4. Source Authored by an Organization | 9. Electronic Document |
| 5. Source with an Unknown Author | |
| APA Style for Reference List Entries | |
| BOOKS | Raw Data |
| 10. Book by One Author | 35. Data Set |
| 11. Book by Multiple Authors | 36. Graphic Representation of Data |
| 12. Multiple Books by the Same Author | 37. Qualitative Data |
| 13. Book Authored by an Organization | Other Electronic Documents |
| 14. Book by an Unknown Author | 38. Technical or Research Report |
| 15. Edited Book | 39. Presentation Slides |
| 16. Chapter or Section in an Edited Book | General-Interest Media and Alternative Presses |
| 17. Book in an Edition Other Than the First | 40. Newspaper Article |
| 18. Multivolume Work | 41. Audio Podcast |
| 19. Translated Book | 42. Online Magazine Content Not Found in Print Version |
| 20. Non-English Book | Online Communities |
| 21. Entry in a Reference Work | 43. Message Posted to an Electronic Mailing List, Online Forum, or Discussion Group |
| PERIODICALS | 44. Blog Post |
| 22. Journal Article | 45. Email Message or Real-Time Communication |
| 23. Magazine Article | OTHER SOURCES |
| 24. Newspaper Article | 46. Technical or Research Report |
| 25. Newsletter Article | 47. Government Document |
| ELECTRONIC SOURCES | 48. Brochure or Pamphlet |
| 26. Nonperiodical Web Document | 49. Article from Conference Proceedings |
| Journal Articles | 50. Lecture or Speech |
| 27. Article With Doi Assigned | 51. Audio Recording |
| 28. Article With No Doi Assigned | |
| 29. Preprint Version of Article | 52. Motion Picture |
| Electronic Books | 53. Television Program |
| 30. Entire Book | 54. Published Interview |
| Dissertations and Theses | 55. Personal Interview |
| 31. Dissertation Retrieved from Database | 56. Personal Correspondence |
| Reference Materials | 57. Unpublished Data |
| 32. Online Encyclopedia | |
| 33. Online Dictionary | |
| 34. Wiki | |
In APA style, a textual citation typically includes the name of the source’s author and the date of its publication. Textual citations vary depending on the type of information cited, the number of authors, and the context of the citation. The following models illustrate a variety of common textual citations; for additional examples, consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
1. Summarized or Paraphrased Material For material or ideas that you have summarized or paraphrased, include the author’s name and the publication date in parentheses immediately following the borrowed information.
This phenomenon was identified more than 50 years ago (Wilkinson, 1948).
If your sentence already includes the source’s name, do not repeat it in the parenthetical notation.
Wilkinson (1948) identified this phenomenon more than 50 years ago.
2. Quoted Material or Specific Fact If the reference is to a specific fact, idea, or quotation, add the page number(s) from the source to your citation.
This phenomenon was identified more than 50 years ago (Wilkinson, 1948, p. 36).
Wilkinson (1948) identified this phenomenon more than 50 years ago (p. 36).
3. Source with Multiple Authors For a source written by two authors, cite both names. Use an ampersand (&) in the parenthetical citation itself, but use the word and in regular text.
(Tyshenko & Paterson, 2012)
Tyshenko and Paterson (2012) argued . . .
For a source written by three, four, or five authors, include all the names the first time you cite the reference; after that, include only the last name of the first author followed by et al.
First Text Citation
Cashman, Walls, and Thomas (2013) argued . . .
Subsequent Citations
Cashman et al. (2013) found . . .
For a source written by six or more authors, use only the first author’s name followed by et al.
(Marken et al., 2014)
Marken et al. (2014) reported . . .
4. Source Authored by an Organization If the author is an organization rather than a person, use the name of the organization.
There is currently ongoing discussion of the scope and practice of nursing informatics (American Nurses Association, 2010).
In a recent publication, the American Nurses Association (2010) discusses the scope and practice of nursing informatics.
If the organization name is commonly abbreviated, you may include the abbreviation in the first citation and use it in any subsequent citations.
First Text Citation
(International Business Machines [IBM], 2011)
Subsequent Citations
(IBM, 2011)
5. Source with an Unknown Author If the source does not identify an author, use a shortened version of the title in your parenthetical citation.
Hawking made the discovery that under precise conditions, thermal radiation could exit black holes (“World Scientists,” 2009).
If the author is identified as anonymous—a rare occurrence—treat Anonymous as a real name.
(Anonymous, 2011)
6. Multiple Authors with the Same Last Name Use first initials if two or more sources have authors with the same last name.
B. Porter (2012) created a more stable platform for database transfers, while A. L. Porter (2012) focused primarily on latitudinal peer-to-peer outcome interference.
7. Multiple Sources in One Citation When you refer to two or more sources in one citation, present the sources in alphabetical order, separated by a semicolon.
This phenomenon has been well documented (Houlding, 2011; Jessen, 2010).
8. Personal Communication When you cite personal interviews, phone calls, letters, memos, and emails, include the words personal communication and the date of the communication.
D. E. Walls (personal communication, April 3, 2011) provided the prior history of his . . .
9. Electronic Document Cite the author and date for an electronic source as you would for other kinds of documents. If the author is unknown, give a shortened version of the title in your parenthetical citation. If the date is unknown, use n.d. (for no date).
Interpersonal relationships are complicated by differing goals (Hoffman, n.d.).
If the document is posted as a PDF file, include the page number in the citation. If a page number is not available but the source contains paragraph numbers, give the paragraph number.
(Tong, 2010, para. 4)
If no paragraph or page number is available and the source has headings, cite the appropriate heading and paragraph.
The CDC (2007) warns that babies born to women who smoke during pregnancy are 30% more likely to be born prematurely (The Reality section, para. 3).
See a sample APA-style reference list
A reference list provides the information your readers will need in order to find each source you have cited in the text. It should not include sources you read but did not use.
Following are some guidelines for an APA-style reference list.
- Arranging entries. Arrange the entries alphabetically by author’s last name. If two or more works are by the same author, arrange them by date, earliest to latest. If two or more works are by the same author in the same year, list them alphabetically by title and include a lowercase letter after the date: 2010a, 2010b, and so on. Alphabetize works by an organization by the first significant word in the name of the organization.
- Book titles. Italicize titles of books. Capitalize only the first word of the book’s title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns.
- Publication information. For books, give the publisher’s name in as brief a form as is intelligible; retain the words Books and Press. Include the name of both the city and the state (abbreviated) for publishers located in U.S. cities or the city and the country (not abbreviated) for publishers in non-U.S. cities; for publishers located in Canadian cities, also include the province.
- Periodical titles. Italicize titles of periodicals and capitalize all major words.
- Article titles. Do not italicize titles of articles or place them in quotation marks. Capitalize only the first word of the article’s title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
- Electronic sources. Include as much information as you can about electronic sources, such as author, date of publication, identifying numbers, and retrieval information. Include the digital object identifier (DOI) when one exists. Remember that electronic information changes frequently. If the content of an electronic source is likely to change, be sure to record the date you retrieved the information.
- Indenting. Use a hanging indent, with the first line of each entry flush with the left margin and all subsequent lines indented one-half inch:
Sokolova, G. N. (2010). Economic stratification in Belarus and Russia: An experiment in comparative analysis. Sociological Research, 49(3), 25–26.
Your instructor may prefer a paragraph indent, in which the first line of each entry is indented one-half inch:
Sokolova, G. N. (2010). Economic stratification in Belarus and Russia: An experiment in comparative analysis. Sociological Research, 49(3), 25–26.
- Spacing. Double-space the entire reference list. Do not add extra space between entries.
- Page numbers. When citing a range of page numbers for an article, always give the complete numbers (for example, 121–124, not 121–24 or 121–4). If an article continues on subsequent pages after being interrupted by other articles or advertisements, use a comma to separate the page numbers. Use the abbreviation p. or pp. only with articles in newspapers, chapters in edited books, and articles from proceedings published as a book.
- Dates. Follow the format year, month, day, with a comma after only the year: (2011, October 31).
Following are models of reference list entries for a variety of sources. For further examples of APA-style citations, consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
BOOKS
10. Book by One Author Begin with the author’s last name, followed by the first initial or initials. Include a space between initials. Place the year of publication in parentheses, then give the title of the book, followed by the location and name of the publisher.
Power, G. A. (2010). Dementia beyond drugs: Changing the culture of care. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press.
11. Book by Multiple Authors When citing a work by from two to seven authors, separate the authors’ names with a comma or commas, and use an ampersand (&) instead of and before the final author’s name.
Tyshenko, M. G., & Paterson, C. (2010). SARS unmasked: Risk communication of pandemics and influenza in Canada. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
To cite more than seven authors, list only the first six, followed by three dots (an ellipsis) and the last author’s name.
12. Multiple Books by the Same Author Arrange the entries by date, with the earliest date first.
Tabloski, P. A. (2007). Clinical handbook for gerontological nursing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Tabloski, P. A. (2010). Gerontological nursing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
If you use multiple works by the same author written in the same year, arrange the books alphabetically by title and include a, b, and so forth after the year—both in your reference list and in your parenthetical citations.
Agger, B. (2007a). Fast families, virtual children: A critical sociology of families and schooling. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
Agger, B. (2007b). Public sociology: From social facts to literary acts. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
13. Book Authored by an Organization Use the full name of the organization in place of an author’s name. If the organization is also the publisher, use the word Author in place of the publisher’s name.
American Nurses Association. (2010). Nursing’s social policy statement: The essence of the profession (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Author.
14. Book by an Unknown Author If the author of the book is unknown, begin with the title in italics.
The PDR pocket guide to prescription drugs (9th ed.). (2010). New York, NY: Pocket Books.
15. Edited Book Place the abbreviation Ed. (singular) or Eds. (plural) in parentheses after the name(s), followed by a period.
Haugen, D., Musser, S., & Lovelace, K. (Eds.). (2010). Global warming. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press.
16. Chapter or Section in an Edited Book
Jyonouchi, H. (2010). Possible impact of innate immunity in autism. In A. Chauhan, V. Chauhan, & W. T. Brown (Eds.), Autism: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune abnormalities (pp. 245–276). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
17. Book in an Edition Other Than the First Include the edition number in parentheses following the title.
Quinn, G. R. (2010). Behavioral science (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.
18. Multivolume Work Include the number of volumes after the title.
Weiner, I. B., & Craighead, W. E. (Eds.). (2010). The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (Vols. 1–4). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
19. Translated Book Name the translator after the title.
Bieler, A., & Gutmann, H.-M. (2010). Embodying grace: Proclaiming justification in the real world (L. M. Maloney, Trans.). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
20. Non-English Book Give the original title, then the English translation in brackets.
Hernandez, G. H., Moreno, A. M., Zaragoza, F. G., & Porras, A. C. (Eds.). (2010). Tratado de medicina farmacéutica [Treaty of pharmaceutical medicine]. Madrid, Spain: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
21. Entry in a Reference Work Begin with the title of the entry if it has no author.
Kohlrabi. (2010). In R. T. Wood (Ed.), The new whole foods encyclopedia: A comprehensive resource for healthy eating (2nd ed., pp. 178–179). New York, NY: Penguin Books.
APA: CITING A BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR
When citing a book, use the information from the title page and the copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog.
Record the following information:
A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name.
B The date of publication. Put the most recent copyright year in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses).
C The title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Italicize the title and subtitle, capitalizing only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period.
D The city of publication. If more than one city is given, use the first one listed. Include the name of both the city and the state (abbreviated) for publishers located in U.S. cities or the city and the country (not abbreviated) for publishers located in non-U.S. cities; for publishers in Canadian cities, also include the province. Insert a colon following the location.
E The publisher. Give the publisher’s name, omitting words such as Inc. and Co. Include and do not abbreviate terms such as University and Press. End with a period.
PERIODICALS
22. Journal Article Follow the author’s name and the year of publication with the article title; then give the journal title, followed by a comma. For all journals, include the volume number (italicized). For journals that begin each issue with page 1, also include the issue number in parentheses (not italicized). Insert a comma and end with the page number(s).
Cumsille, P., Darling, N., & Martinez, M. L. (2010). Shading the truth: The pattern of adolescents’ decisions to avoid issues, disclose, or lie to parents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 285–296.
23. Magazine Article Include the month after the year. If it’s a weekly magazine, include the day. Give the volume and issue numbers, if any, after the magazine title.
Stix, G. (2011, March). The neuroscience of true grit. Scientific American, 304(3), 28–33.
24. Newspaper Article Include the specific publication date following the year.
Seltz, J. (2010, December 26). Internet policies examined: Schools aim to clarify social rules. Boston Globe, p. 1.
25. Newsletter Article Cite a newsletter article as you would a magazine article. If the date is given as a season, insert a comma following the year and then include the season.
Meyerhoff, M. K. (2010, September/October). Paying attention to attention. Pediatrics for Parents, 26(9/10), 8–9.
APA: CITING AN ARTICLE FROM A PERIODICAL
Periodicals include journals, magazines, and newspapers. This page gives an example of a citation for a print journal article.
Record the following information:
A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name.
B The date of publication. Put the year in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). For magazines and newspapers, include the month and, if given, the day (2011, May 23).
C The article title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Do not underline or italicize the title or put it in quotation marks. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period.
D The periodical title. Italicize the periodical title and capitalize all major words. Follow the periodical title with a comma.
E The volume number and issue number. Include the volume number (italicized). Include the issue number in parentheses (not italicized) for magazines and for journals that begin each issue at page 1. Insert a comma.
F Inclusive page numbers. Give all the numbers in full (316–337, not 316–37). For newspapers, include the abbreviation p. for page (or pp. for pages) and the section letter, if relevant (p. D4). End with a period.
ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Generally, include all the same elements for electronic sources as you would for print sources. Include any information required to locate the item. Many scholarly publishers are now assigning a digital object identifier (DOI) to journal articles and other documents. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency. It provides a persistent link to unchanging content on the Internet. When available, substitute the DOI for a URL. If the content is subject to change, include the retrieval date before the URL. Use the exact URL for open-source material; use the home-page or menu-page URL for subscription-only material or content presented in frames, which make exact URLs unworkable. Break URLs before a punctuation mark, and avoid using punctuation after a URL or DOI so as not to confuse the reader.
26. Nonperiodical Web Document To cite a nonperiodical web document, provide as much of the following information as possible: author’s name, date of publication or most recent update (use n.d. if there is no date), document title (in italics), and URL (or DOI, if available) for the document.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, June 1). Teens behind the wheel: Graduated driver licensing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/MotorVehicleSafety/index.html
If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document. If the document is from a university program’s website, identify the host institution and the program or department, followed by a colon and the URL for the document.
Safety manual. (2011, March 18). Retrieved from Harvard University, Center for Nanoscale Systems Web site: http://www.cns.fas.harvard.edu/users/Forms/CNS_Safety_Manual.pdf
Journal Articles
27. Article with DOI Assigned
Iemolo, F., Cavallaro, T., & Rizzuto, N. (2010). Atypical Alzheimer’s disease: A case report. Neurological Sciences, 31, 643–646. doi:10.1007/s10072-010-0334-1
APA: CITING A NONPERIODICAL WEB DOCUMENT WITH NO DOI
You will likely need to search the website where a document appears in order to find some of the citation information you need. For some sites, all of the details may not be available; find as many as you can. Remember that the citation you provide should allow readers to retrace your steps electronically to locate the source.
Record the following information:
A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name.
B The date of publication or most recent update. Put the date in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). If there is no date, use n.d.
C The document title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Italicize the title and subtitle, capitalizing only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period.
D The URL. Include the words Retrieved from before the complete URL. Insert a retrieval date before the word from only for material that is likely to change (e.g., wikis). Omit final punctuation.
28. Article with No DOI Assigned
Srivastava, R. K., & More, A. T. (2010). Some aesthetic considerations for over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceutical products. International Journal of Biotechnology, 11(3–4), 267–283. Retrieved from http://www.inderscience.com
29. Preprint Version of Article
Wang, T. J., Larson, M. G., Vasan, R. S., Cheng, S., Rhee, E. P., McCabe, E., . . . Gerszten, R. E. (2011). Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nature Medicine. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nm.2307
Electronic Books
30. Entire Book Use “Retrieved from” if the URL leads to the information itself and “Available from” if the URL leads to information on how to obtain the content.
Einstein, A. (n.d.). Relativity: The special and general theory. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5001
Dissertations and Theses
31. Dissertation Retrieved from Database For a commercial database, include the database name, followed by the accession number. For an institutional database, include the URL.
Siegel, R. S. (2010). Mediators of the association between risk for mania and close relationship quality in adolescents (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/426
Reference Materials
Give the home-page or index-page URL for reference works.
32. Online Encyclopedia
Cross, M. S. (2011). Social history. In J. H. Marsh (Ed.), The Canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com
33. Online Dictionary
Conductance. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conductance
34. Wiki
Tsunami. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami
Raw Data
35. Data Set
Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). FDA peanut product recalls [Data set]. Retrieved from http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/fda-peanut-containing-product-recall
36. Graphic Representation of Data
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011, April 4). Civilian unemployment rate (UNRATE) [Line graph]. Retrieved from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Web site: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/UNRATE
37. Qualitative Data
Jaques, C. (2010). They called it slums but it was never a slum to me [Audio stream]. Retrieved from StoryCorps Web site: http://storycorps.org/listen/stories/category/historias
Other Electronic Documents
38. Technical or Research Report
Moran, R., Rampey, B. D., Dion, G. S., & Donahue, P. L. (2008). National Indian education study 2007, Part 1. Performance of American Indian and Alaska native students at grades 4 and 8 on NAEP 2007 reading and mathematics assessments (Report No. NCES 2008–457). Retrieved from National Center for Education Statistics Web site: http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/studies/2008457.pdf
39. Presentation Slides
Wyominginspector. (2010). Cell phone use in the mining industry [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/wyominginspector/cell-phone-use-in-the-mining-industry
General-Interest Media and Alternative Presses
40. Newspaper Article
Applebaum, A. (2011, February 14). Channeling Egypt’s energy of the crowd into positive change. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com
41. Audio Podcast Include the presenter, producer, or other authority, if known; date; episode title; any episode or show identifier in brackets, such as [Show 13]; show name; the words Audio podcast in brackets; and retrieval information.
Cooper, Q. (Presenter). (2011, February 10). Science in Egypt. The Material World [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/material#playepisode8
42. Online Magazine Content Not Found in Print Version
Greenemeier, L. (2010, November 17). Buzz kill: FDA cracks down on caffeinated alcoholic beverages. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id5fda-caffeinated-alcohol
Online Communities
43. Message Posted to an Electronic Mailing List, Online Forum, or Discussion Group If an online posting is not archived and therefore is not retrievable, cite it as a personal communication and do not include it in the reference list. If the posting can be retrieved from an archive, provide the author’s name (or the author’s screen name if the real name is not available), the exact date of the posting, the title or subject line or thread name, and a description of the type of post in brackets. Finish with the address.
Gomez, T. N. (2010, December 20). Food found in archaeological environments [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://cool.conservation-us.org/byform/mailing-lists/cdl/2010/1297.html
44. Blog Post
Joseph j7uy5. (2010, May 11). Another rTMS update [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/corpuscallosum/2010/05/another_rtms_update.php
Telecom. (2011, February 22). Cellphone use tied to changes in brain activity [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/cellphone-use-tied-to-changes-in-brain-activity/#comment-643942
45. Email Message or Real-Time Communication Do not cite email messages in the reference list. Instead, cite them in the text as personal communications.
APA: CITING A NONPERIODICAL WEB DOCUMENT WITH NO DOI
You will likely need to search the website where a document appears in order to find some of the citation information you need. For some sites, all of the details may not be available; find as many as you can. Remember that the citation you provide should allow readers to retrace your steps electronically to locate the source.
Record the following information:
A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name.
B The date of publication or most recent update. Put the date in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). If there is no date, use n.d.
C The document title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Italicize the title and subtitle, capitalizing only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period.
D The URL. Include the words Retrieved from before the complete URL. Insert a retrieval date before the word from only for material that is likely to change (e.g., wikis). Omit final punctuation.
Watch a tutorial on citing websites in APA style.
APA: CITING AN ARTICLE WITH A DOI
From Journal of Business and Technical Communication, Vol. 22, No. 3, July 2008. Used by permission of Sage Publications, Inc.
Record the following information:
A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
B The date of publication. Put the year in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). For magazines and newspapers, include the month and, if relevant, the day (2006, May 23).
C The article title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Do not underline or italicize the title or put it in quotation marks. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period.
D The periodical title. Italicize the periodical title and capitalize all major words. Follow the periodical title with a comma.
E The volume number and issue number. For journals and magazines, include the volume number (italicized). Include the issue number in paren-theses (not italicized) for magazines and for journals that begin each issue at page 1. Insert a comma.
F Inclusive page numbers. Give all the numbers in full (316–337, not 316–37). For newspapers, include the abbreviation p. for page (or pp. for pages) and the section letter, if relevant (p. D4). End with a period.
G The DOI. If the DOI is assigned to a preprint version of the article, include the expression Advance online publication, which is followed by a period. End with doi followed by a colon, no space, then the DOI. Omit final punctuation.
OTHER SOURCES
46. Technical or Research Report Include an identifying number in parentheses after the report title. If appropriate, include the name of the service used to locate the item in parentheses after the publisher.
Arai, M., & Mazuka, R. (2010). Linking syntactic priming to language development: A visual world eye-tracking study (TL2010-18). Tokyo: Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
47. Government Document For most government agencies, use the abbreviation U.S. instead of spelling out United States. Include any identifying document number after the publication title.
U.S. Department of State. (2010, June). Trafficking in persons report (10th ed.). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
48. Brochure or Pamphlet After the title of the document, include the word Brochure or Pamphlet in brackets.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, October). How to clean and disinfect schools to help slow the spread of flu [Pamphlet]. Washington, DC: Author.
49. Article from Conference Proceedings After the proceedings title, give the page numbers on which the article appears.
Sebastianelli, R., Tamimi, N., Gnanendran, K., & Stark, R. (2010). An examination of factors affecting perceived quality and satisfaction in online MBA courses. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute (pp. 1641–1646). Atlanta, GA: Decision Sciences Institute.
50. Lecture or Speech
Culicover, P. W. (2010, March 3). Grammar and complexity: Language at the intersection of competence and performance. Lecture presented at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
51. Audio Recording Give the role (narrator, producer, director, or the like) of the person whose name appears at the beginning of the entry in parentheses after the name. Give the medium in brackets after the title.
Young, J. K. (Lecturer). (2007). The building blocks of human life: Understanding mature cells and stem cells [CD]. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books.
52. Motion Picture Give the name of at least one primary contributor, such as the producer or director, and follow the film’s title with the words Motion picture in brackets. List the country in which the film was produced and the studio’s name. If the film was not widely distributed, give instead the distributor’s name and address in parentheses.
Fincher, D. (Director). (2010). The social network [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures.
53. Television Program Start with the director, producer, or other principal contributor and the date the program aired. Include the words Television broadcast or Television series in brackets after the program title.
Fine, S. (Executive Producer). (2011). NOVA scienceNOW [Television series]. Boston, MA: WGBH.
For a single episode in a television series, start with the writer and director of the episode or other relevant editorial personnel. Include the words Television series episode in brackets after the episode title. Also include information about the series. End with the location and name of the station or network.
Dart, K., Evans, N., & Stubberfield, T. (Producers & Directors). (2010, October 26). Emergency mine rescue [Television series episode]. In H. Swartz (Executive Producer), NOVA. Boston, MA: WGBH.
54. Published Interview If it is not clear from the title that the entry is an interview, or if there is no title, include the words Interview with and the subject’s name in brackets.
Jackson, L. (2010, December 6). The EPA is not the villain [Interview with Daniel Stone]. Newsweek, 156(23), 14.
55. Personal Interview Consider interviews you conduct, whether in person or over the telephone, as personal communications and do not include them in the reference list. Instead, cite them in the text.
56. Personal Correspondence Like emails, personal letters and memos should not be included in the reference list. Instead, cite them in the text.
57. Unpublished Data Where the title would normally appear, include a description of the data in brackets.
Standifer, M. (2007). [Daily temperatures, 2007, Barton Springs municipal pool, Austin, TX]. Unpublished raw data.
Following is a sample reference list using the APA citation system.
Nonperiodical web document with no DOI
Journal article, paginated by volume
Online article with a DOI
Chapter in an edited book
Book in an edition other than the first
Online article, paginated by issue, with no DOI
