thinkingthroughsources

Organize the Evidence for Thinking through Sources 3

Source Links:

Source 3.1A Behistun Inscription Image

Source 3.1B Behistun Inscription Text

Source 3.2 Funeral Oration

Source 3.3A Statue of Augustus

Source 3.3B Breastplate from Statue of Augustus

Source 3.4 The Writings of Master Han Fei

Source 3.5A Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex

Source 3.5B Archer

Source 3.5C Bronze Cart

Source 3.6 The Rock Edicts

The following exercises provide an opportunity to use the sources collectively to respond to a guiding question.

Guiding Question

Based on the evidence in this collection, write an essay comparing the sources of political legitimacy for the states or empires of the second-wave civilizations of Eurasia. The following exercise will help you prepare for writing such an essay.

Instructions

Below are five topics that might find a place in organizing an essay responding to the guiding question. This exercise asks you to identify which sources would provide relevant evidence for that topic. Select the best answers for each question. Choose ALL that apply.

Click the “submit” button for each question to turn in your work.

Question 3.31

Which of the sources would provide evidence relating to religious authority (authority based on the favor or the will of the gods or rooted in spiritual forces) as a source of political legitimacy? Choose ALL that apply.
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	A. Source 3.1: Behistun Inscription
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	B. Source 3.2: Pericles’ Funeral Oration
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	C. Source 3.3: Statue of Augustus
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	D. Source 3.4: The Writings of Master Han Fei
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	E. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	F. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts

Correct: Source 3.1: Darius’s Behistun Inscription defines legitimacy based on religious sources in the form of assertions that Ahura Mazda supported Darius’s actions. Source 3.3: The statue of Augustus bases legitimacy on religious sources through the imagery of Roman gods on the breastplate. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi’s funerary complex asserts legitimacy through religious sources in the form of cosmological conceptions of the afterlife. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts base legitimacy in religious sources rooted in the spiritual forces of Dhamma. Source 3.2: Pericles does not invoke religious sources of legitimacy in the oration. Source 3.4: Han Fei makes no mention of religious sources of legitimacy.

Incorrect: Source 3.1: Darius’s Behistun Inscription defines legitimacy based on religious sources in the form of assertions that Ahura Mazda supported Darius’s actions. Source 3.3: The statue of Augustus bases legitimacy on religious sources through the imagery of Roman gods on the breastplate. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi’s funerary complex asserts legitimacy through religious sources in the form of cosmological conceptions of the afterlife. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts base legitimacy in religious sources rooted in the spiritual forces of Dhamma. Source 3.2: Pericles does not invoke religious sources of legitimacy in the oration. Source 3.4: Han Fei makes no mention of religious sources of legitimacy.

Question 3.32

Which of the sources would provide evidence relating to the promulgation and enforcement of laws (the establishment of law codes or the enforcement of existing laws) as a source of political legitimacy? Choose ALL that apply.
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	A. Source 3.1: Behistun Inscription
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	B. Source 3.2: Pericles’ Funeral Oration
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	C. Source 3.3: Statue of Augustus
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	D. Source 3.4: The Writings of Master Han Fei
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	E. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	F. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts

Correct: Source 3.2: Pericles asserts legitimacy through references to the uniform application of the law. Source 3.4: The writings of Master Han Fei base legitimacy in the promulgation and strict enforcement of laws as a means to secure and maintain peace and order. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts base legitimacy in the promulgation and enforcement of laws as expressed in specific passages on the treatment of religious figures. Source 3.1: The inscription makes no mention of the law as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.3: The statue makes no reference to the promulgation and enforcement of laws. Source 3.5: The funerary complex makes no reference to the establishment and enforcement of laws.

Incorrect: Source 3.2: Pericles asserts legitimacy through references to the uniform application of the law. Source 3.4: The writings of Master Han Fei base legitimacy in the promulgation and strict enforcement of laws as a means to secure and maintain peace and order. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts base legitimacy in the promulgation and enforcement of laws as expressed in specific passages on the treatment of religious figures. Source 3.1: The inscription makes no mention of the law as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.3: The statue makes no reference to the promulgation and enforcement of laws. Source 3.5: The funerary complex makes no reference to the establishment and enforcement of laws.

Question 3.33

Which of the sources would provide evidence relating to popular sovereignty (the support of the state’s citizens) as a source of political legitimacy? Choose ALL that apply.
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	A. Source 3.1: Behistun Inscription
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	B. Source 3.2: Pericles’ Funeral Oration
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	C. Source 3.3: Statue of Augustus
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	D. Source 3.4: The Writings of Master Han Fei
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	E. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	F. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts

Correct: Source 3.2: Pericles asserts legitimacy through references to popular sovereignty as established through the active participation of citizens in public affairs. Source 3.1: Popular sovereignty does not feature in the Behistun Inscription. Source 3.3: The statue does not invoke popular sovereignty as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.4: Han Fei makes no mention of popular sovereignty as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.5: The funerary complex of the first Qin emperor makes no reference to popular sovereignty. Source 3.6: Ashoka makes no mention of popular sovereignty.

Incorrect: Source 3.2: Pericles asserts legitimacy through references to popular sovereignty as established through the active participation of citizens in public affairs. Source 3.1: Popular sovereignty does not feature in the Behistun Inscription. Source 3.3: The statue does not invoke popular sovereignty as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.4: Han Fei makes no mention of popular sovereignty as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.5: The funerary complex of the first Qin emperor makes no reference to popular sovereignty. Source 3.6: Ashoka makes no mention of popular sovereignty.

Question 3.34

Which of the sources would provide explicit evidence relating to the maintenance of peace and order (the ability of the state to protect individuals and their property) as a source of political legitimacy? Choose ALL that apply.
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	A. Source 3.1: Behistun Inscription
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	B. Source 3.2: Pericles’ Funeral Oration
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	C. Source 3.3: Statue of Augustus
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	D. Source 3.4: The Writings of Master Han Fei
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	E. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	F. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts

Correct: Source 3.1: Darius’s Behistun Inscription defines legitimacy based on the maintenance of peace and order through its assertion that Darius had vanquished his foreign and domestic enemies. Source 3.3: The statue of Augustus bases legitimacy on the maintenance of peace and authority through the imagery of Roman gods on the breastplate. Source 3.4: The writings of Master Han Fei base legitimacy in the maintenance of peace and order through the promulgation and strict enforcement of laws. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts base legitimacy in the maintenance of peace and order, which is to be accomplished whenever possible through principles of moderation and non-injury. Source 3.2: Pericles makes no mention of the maintenance of peace and order as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.5: While the first Qin emperor did bring a close to the Warring States Period, his funerary complex makes no direct claim to the maintenance of peace and order as a source of legitimacy.

Incorrect: Source 3.1: Darius’s Behistun Inscription defines legitimacy based on the maintenance of peace and order through its assertion that Darius had vanquished his foreign and domestic enemies. Source 3.3: The statue of Augustus bases legitimacy on the maintenance of peace and authority through the imagery of Roman gods on the breastplate. Source 3.4: The writings of Master Han Fei base legitimacy in the maintenance of peace and order through the promulgation and strict enforcement of laws. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts base legitimacy in the maintenance of peace and order, which is to be accomplished whenever possible through principles of moderation and non-injury. Source 3.2: Pericles makes no mention of the maintenance of peace and order as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.5: While the first Qin emperor did bring a close to the Warring States Period, his funerary complex makes no direct claim to the maintenance of peace and order as a source of legitimacy.

Question 3.35

Which of the sources would provide evidence relating to military power and prowess (the state’s ability to defeat both outside invaders and internal rebels) as a source of political legitimacy? Choose ALL that apply.
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	A. Source 3.1: Behistun Inscription
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	B. Source 3.2: Pericles’ Funeral Oration
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	C. Source 3.3: Statue of Augustus
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	D. Source 3.4: The Writings of Master Han Fei
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	E. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	F. Source 3.6: Ashoka’s Rock Edicts

Correct: Source 3.1: Darius’s Behistun Inscription defines legitimacy based on military power and prowess through the recounting of Darius’s military triumphs. Source 3.2: Pericles asserts legitimacy because of military power and prowess through references to the superior martial training of Athens’s citizens. Source 3.3: The statue asserts legitimacy through military power and prowess by depicting the defeated Parthian ruler and Augustus’s dress and pose. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi’s funerary complex asserts legitimacy through military power and prowess as represented by the terra-cotta army. Source 3.4: Han Fei makes no mention of military power and prowess as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.6: Ashoka actively plays down military power and prowess as a source of legitimacy.

Incorrect: Source 3.1: Darius’s Behistun Inscription defines legitimacy based on military power and prowess through the recounting of Darius’s military triumphs. Source 3.2: Pericles asserts legitimacy because of military power and prowess through references to the superior martial training of Athens’s citizens. Source 3.3: The statue asserts legitimacy through military power and prowess by depicting the defeated Parthian ruler and Augustus’s dress and pose. Source 3.5: Qin Shihuangdi’s funerary complex asserts legitimacy through military power and prowess as represented by the terra-cotta army. Source 3.4: Han Fei makes no mention of military power and prowess as a source of legitimacy. Source 3.6: Ashoka actively plays down military power and prowess as a source of legitimacy.