Directory to Chicago-style notes and bibliographic entries
Print and digital books
Print and digital periodicals
Other online sources
Other sources
Quick Help: Citing sources that don't match any model exactly (Chicago)
The following examples demonstrate how to format both notes and bibliographic entries according to Chicago style. The note, which is numbered, appears first; the bibliographic entry, which is not numbered, appears below the note.
Print and digital books
Directory to Chicago-style notes and bibliographic entries
Source Map: Books in Chicago style
For the basic format for citing a print book, see the source map. The note for a book typically includes five elements: author’s name, title and subtitle, city of publication and publisher, year, and page number(s) or electronic locator information for the information in the note. The bibliographic entry usually includes all these elements but the page number (and does include a URL or other locator if the book is digitally published), but it is styled differently: commas separate major elements of a note, but a bibliographic entry uses periods.
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1. One author
1. Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 119.
Painter, Nell Irvin. The History of White People. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.
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2. Multiple authors
2. Margaret Macmillan and Richard Holbrooke, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2003), 384.
Macmillan, Margaret, and Richard Holbrooke. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. New York: Random House, 2003.
With four or more authors, you may give the first-
2. Stephen J. Blank et al., Conflict, Culture, and History: Regional Dimensions (Miami: University Press of the Pacific, 2002), 276.
Blank, Stephen J., Lawrence E. Grinter, Karl P. Magyar, Lewis B. Ware, and Bynum E. Weathers. Conflict, Culture, and History: Regional Dimensions. Miami: University Press of the Pacific, 2002.
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3. Organization as author
3. World Intellectual Property Organization, Intellectual Property Profile of the Least Developed Countries (Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2002), 43.
World Intellectual Property Organization. Intellectual Property Profile of the Least Developed Countries. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2002.
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4. Unknown author
4. Broad Stripes and Bright Stars (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2002), 10.
Broad Stripes and Bright Stars. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2002.
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5. Online book
5. Dorothy Richardson, Long Day: The Story of a New York Working Girl, as Told by Herself (1906; UMDL Texts, 2010), 159, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx
Richardson, Dorothy. Long Day: The Story of a New York Working Girl, as Told by Herself. 1906. UMDL Texts, 2010. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx
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6. Electronic book (e-
6. Manal M. Omar, Barefoot in Baghdad (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2010), chap. 4, Kindle.
Omar, Manal M. Barefoot in Baghdad. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2010. Kindle.
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7. Edited book with no author
7. James H. Fetzer, ed., The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK (Chicago: Open Court, 2003), 56.
Fetzer, James H., ed. The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK. Chicago: Open Court, 2003.
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8. Edited book with author
8. Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, ed. Georg G. Iggers (New York: Routledge, 2010), 135.
von Ranke, Leopold. The Theory and Practice of History. Edited by Georg G. Iggers. New York: Routledge, 2010.
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9. Selection in an anthology or chapter in a book with an editor
9. Denise Little, “Born in Blood,” in Alternate Gettysburgs, ed. Brian Thomsen and Martin H. Greenberg (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002), 245.
Give the inclusive page numbers of the selection or chapter in the bibliographic entry.
Little, Denise. “Born in Blood.” In Alternate Gettysburgs. Edited by Brian Thomsen and Martin H. Greenberg, 242–55. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002.
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10. Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword
10. Robert B. Reich, introduction to Making Work Pay: America after Welfare, ed. Robert Kuttner (New York: New Press, 2002), xvi.
Reich, Robert B. Introduction to Making Work Pay: America after Welfare, vii–xvii. Edited by Robert Kuttner. New York: New Press, 2002.
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11. Translation
11. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves (London: Penguin Classics, 1989), 202.
Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Translated by Robert Graves. London: Penguin Classics, 1989.
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12. Edition other than the first
12. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, 4th ed. (New York: Owl Books, 2007), 12.
Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, 4th ed. New York: Owl Books, 2007.
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13. Multivolume work
13. John Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Ross & Perry, 2003), 514.
Watson, John. Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Ross & Perry, 2003.
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14. Reference work In a note, use s.v., the abbreviation for the Latin sub verbo (“under the word”), to help your reader find the entry. Do not list reference works such as encyclopedias or dictionaries in your bibliography.
14. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “carpetbagger.”
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15. Work with a title within the title Use quotation marks around any title within a book title.
15. John A. Alford, A Companion to “Piers Plowman” (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 195.
Alford, John A. A Companion to “Piers Plowman.” Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
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16. Sacred text Do not include sacred texts in the bibliography.
16. Luke 18:24–25 (New International Version)
16. Qur’an 7:40–41
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17. Source quoted in another source Identify both the original and the secondary source.
17. Frank D. Millet, “The Filipino Leaders,” Harper’s Weekly, March 11, 1899, quoted in Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-
Millet, Frank D. “The Filipino Leaders.” Harper’s Weekly, March 11, 1899. Quoted in Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-
Print and digital periodicals
Directory to Chicago-style notes and bibliographic entries
Source Map: Articles from databases in Chicago style
The note for an article in a periodical typically includes the author’s name, the article title, and the periodical title. The format for other information, including the volume and issue numbers (if any) and the date of publication, as well as the page number(s) to which the note refers, varies according to the type of periodical and whether you consulted it in print, on the web, or in a database. In a bibliographic entry for a journal or magazine article from a database or a print periodical, also give the inclusive page numbers.
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18. Article in a print journal
18. Karin Lützen, “The Female World: Viewed from Denmark,” Journal of Women’s History 12, no. 3 (2000): 36.
Lützen, Karin. “The Female World: Viewed from Denmark.” Journal of Women’s History 12, no. 3 (2000): 34–38.
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19. Article in an online journal Give the DOI, preceded by https://doi.org/. If there is no DOI, include the article URL. If page numbers are provided, include them as well.
19. Jeffrey J. Schott, “America, Europe, and the New Trade Order,” Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (2009), https://doi.org/10.2202/1469-
Schott, Jeffrey J. “America, Europe, and the New Trade Order.” Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2202/1469-
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20. Journal article from a database For basic information on citing a periodical article from a database in Chicago style, see the source map.
20. W. Trent Foley and Nicholas J. Higham, “Bede on the Britons,” Early Medieval Europe 17, no. 2 (2009): 157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
Foley, W. Trent, and Nicholas J. Higham. “Bede on the Britons.” Early Medieval Europe 17, no. 2 (2009): 154–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
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21. Article in a print magazine
21. Terry McDermott, “The Mastermind: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and the Making of 9/11,” New Yorker, September 13, 2010, 42.
McDermott, Terry. “The Mastermind: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and the Making of 9/11.” New Yorker, September 13, 2010, 38–51.
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22. Article in an online magazine
22. Tracy Clark-
Clark-
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23. Magazine article from a database
23. Sami Yousafzai and Ron Moreau, “Twisting Arms in Afghanistan,” Newsweek, November 9, 2009, 8, Academic Search Premier.
Yousafzai, Sami, and Ron Moreau. “Twisting Arms in Afghanistan.” Newsweek, November 9, 2009. 8. Academic Search Premier.
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24. Article in a newspaper Do not include page numbers for a newspaper article, but you may include the section, if any.
24. Katherine Q. Seelye, “A Heinous Crime, Secret Histories, and a Sinn Fein Leader’s Arrest,” New York Times, May 2, 2014, sec. A.
Seelye, Katherine Q. “A Heinous Crime, Secret Histories, and a Sinn Fein Leader’s Arrest.” New York Times, May 2, 2014, sec. A.
If you provide complete documentation of a newspaper article in a note, you may not need to include it in the bibliography. Check your instructor’s preference.
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25. Article in an online newspaper
25. Katherine Q. Seelye, “A Heinous Crime, Secret Histories, and a Sinn Fein Leader’s Arrest,” New York Times, May 2, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/world/europe/a-heinous-crime-secret-histories-and-a-sinn-fein-leaders-arrest.html
Seelye, Katherine Q. “A Heinous Crime, Secret Histories, and a Sinn Fein Leader’s Arrest.” New York Times, May 2, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/world/europe/a-heinous-crime-secret-histories-and-a-sinn-fein-leaders-arrest.html
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26. Newspaper article from a database
26. Demetria Irwin, “A Hatchet, Not a Scalpel, for NYC Budget Cuts,” New York Amsterdam News, November 13, 2008, Academic Search Premier.
Irwin, Demetria. “A Hatchet, Not a Scalpel, for NYC Budget Cuts.” New York Amsterdam News, November 13, 2008. Academic Search Premier.
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27. Book review After the information about the book under review, give publication information for the appropriate kind of source (see models 18–26).
27. Arnold Relman, “Health Care: The Disquieting Truth,” review of Tracking Medicine: A Researcher’s Quest to Understand Health Care, by John E. Wennberg, New York Review of Books 57, no. 14 (2010), 45.
Relman, Arnold. “Health Care: The Disquieting Truth.” Review of Tracking Medicine: A Researcher’s Quest to Understand Health Care, by John E. Wennberg. New York Review of Books 57, no. 14 (2010), 45–48.
Other online sources
Directory to Chicago-style notes and bibliographic entries
Source Map: Works from websites in Chicago style
In general, include the author (if given); the title of a work from a website (in quotation marks); the name of the site (in italics, if the site is an online publication, but otherwise neither italicized nor in quotation marks); the sponsor of the site, if different from the name of the site or name of the author; the date of publication or most recent update; and a URL. If the online source does not indicate when it was published or last modified, or if your instructor requests an access date, place it before the URL.
For basic information on citing works from websites in Chicago style, see the source map.
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28. Website If the site does not list the date of publication or date last modified, identify your access date (“accessed March 12, 2014”). For clarity, you may add the word website in parentheses after the title.
28. Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers Oral History Archive (website), accessed May 6, 2014, http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/.
Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences. Rutgers Oral History Archive (website). Accessed May 6, 2014. http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/.
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29. Work from a website If the site does not list the date of publication or date last modified, identify your access date (“accessed March 12, 2014”).
29. Kheel Center, “Timeline of Events,” Remembering the 1911 Triangle Factory Fire, Cornell University, accessed May 5, 2014, http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/supplemental/timeline.html.
Kheel Center. “Timeline of Events.” Remembering the 1911 Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University. Accessed May 5, 2014. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/supplemental/timeline.html.
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30. Blog post Treat a blog post as a short work from a website (see model 29), but italicize the name of the blog.
30. Kate Beaton, “Ida B. Wells,” Hark! A Vagrant (blog), accessed May 2, 2014, http://harkavagrant.com/.
Chicago recommends that blog posts appear in the notes section only, not in the bibliography, unless the blog is cited frequently. Check your instructor’s preference. A bibliography reference to an entire blog would look like this:
Beaton, Kate. Hark! A Vagrant (blog). http://harkavagrant.com/.
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31. Email, Facebook, Twitter, and personal communications Chicago style recommends that email and communications that are not archived and accessible to all readers, such as Facebook and Twitter posts and telephone calls, be cited in notes only, not in the bibliography. If you cite a public Facebook page, give both the access date and the URL; for an individual’s account, omit the URL.
31. Kareem Adas, email message to author, February 11, 2014.
31. Supraja Iyer, Facebook post, accessed March 1, 2014.
31. U.S. Department of Education, Twitter feed, accessed April 24, 2014, https://twitter.com/usedgov.
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32. Podcast Treat a podcast as a short work from a website (see model 29) and give as much of the following information as you can find: the author or speaker, the title or a description of the podcast, the date of posting, the title of the site, the site sponsor (if different from the author or site name), the type of podcast or file format, the time stamp, and the URL.
32. Rob Attar, “Victorian Burials and the History of Psychology,” May 1, 2015, in History Extra, podcast, MP3 audio, 45:43, http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/victorians/victorian-burials-and-history-psychology.
Attar, Rob. “Victorian Burials and the History of Psychology.” May 1, 2015. History Extra. Podcast, MP3 audio, 45:43. http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/victorians/victorian-burials-and-history-psychology.
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33. Online audio or video Treat an online audio or video source as a short work from a website (see model 29). If the source is downloadable, give the medium or file format before the URL (see model 32).
33. Alyssa Katz, “Did the Mortgage Crisis Kill the American Dream?” YouTube video, 4:32, posted by NYCRadio, June 24, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uivtwjwd_Qw.
Katz, Alyssa. “Did the Mortgage Crisis Kill the American Dream?” YouTube video, 4:32. Posted by NYCRadio. June 24, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uivtwjwd_Qw.
Other sources
Directory to Chicago-style notes and bibliographic entries
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34. Published or broadcast interview
34. Nina Totenberg, interview by Charlie Rose, The Charlie Rose Show, PBS, June 29, 2010.
Totenberg, Nina. Interview by Charlie Rose. The Charlie Rose Show. PBS, June 29, 2010.
Any interviews you conduct are considered personal communications (see model 31).
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35. Video, DVD, or Blu-
35. American History X, directed by Tony Kaye (1998; Los Angeles: New Line Studios, 2002), DVD.
Kaye, Tony, dir. American History X. 1998; Los Angeles: New Line Studios, 2002. DVD.
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36. Sound recording
36. Paul Robeson, The Collector’s Paul Robeson, recorded 1959, Monitor MCD-
Robeson, Paul. The Collector’s Paul Robeson. Recorded 1959. Monitor MCD-
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37. Work of art Begin with the artist’s name and the title of the work. If you viewed the work in person, give the date the work was created, the medium, and the name of the place where you saw it.
37. Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, 1893, oil on canvas, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
If you refer to a reproduction, give the publication information.
37. Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, 1893, oil on canvas, Art Access, The Art Institute of Chicago, accessed October 13, 2017, http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/exhibitions/Impressionism/Cassatt.
Cassatt, Mary. The Child’s Bath. 1893. Oil on canvas. Art Access. The Art Institute of Chicago. Accessed October 13, 2017. http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/exhibitions/Impressionism/Cassatt.
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38. Pamphlet, report, or brochure Information about the author or publisher may not be readily available, but give enough information to identify your source.
38. Jamie McCarthy, Who Is David Irving? (San Antonio, TX: Holocaust History Project,. 1998).
McCarthy, Jamie. Who Is David Irving? San Antonio, TX: Holocaust History Project, 1998.
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39. Government document
39. U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, Report on Trade Mission to Sub-
U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means. Report on Trade Mission to Sub-
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