Writing guide: Argument essay

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When you write an argument, you take a stand on a debatable issue. In any debate worth writing about, you’ll find that there are lively disagreements and conflicting assumptions and conclusions. Start by reading some sources to inform yourself about the debate you plan to enter. As you learn more about your topic, think through your own point of view and decide how to establish common ground with your readers.

To construct a convincing argument, you must establish your credibility (ethos) and appeal to your readers’ sense of logic and reason (logos) as well as to their values and beliefs (pathos).

Using ethical appeals (ethos)

To accept your argument, a reader must perceive you as trustworthy and fair, reliable and reasonable. When you acknowledge alternative positions, you build common ground with readers and gain their trust by showing that you are knowledgeable about the arguments relevant to your subject. And when you use sources responsibly, you inspire readers’ confidence in your judgment.

Using logical appeals (logos)

To persuade readers, you need to appeal to their sense of logic and sound reasoning. When you provide sufficient evidence, you offer readers logical support for your argument. And when you clarify the assumptions that underlie your arguments and avoid logical fallacies, you appeal to readers’ desire for reason.

Using emotional appeals (pathos)

To establish common ground with readers, you need to appeal to their beliefs and values as well as to their minds. When you offer readers vivid examples and illustrations, startling statistics, or compelling visuals, you engage readers and deepen their interest in your argument. And when you balance the emotional appeals with logical appeals, you highlight the human dimension of an issue to show readers why they should care about your argument.

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Key features of argument essays

Exploring ideas for your argument essay

Drafting your argument essay

Revising your argument essay

Presenting your argument essay

Sample student writing: Argument essays

Additional resources for writing, reviewing, and revising an argument essay