can, may, 753
can’t hardly, 753
can’t help but, 753
capital letters, 730–35
missing, 5
for multilingual writers, 733
in poetry, 730
Quick Help, 731
in sentences, 730
in titles of works, 733
case, 598–604 The form of a noun or pronoun that reflects its grammatical role: He ate (subjective). His food was cold (possessive). I saw him (objective).
in compound structures, 603
in elliptical constructions, 603
overview, 598–601
Quick Help, 599
Talking the Talk, 600
who, whoever, whom, whomever, 601–2
catalogs, library, 202–6
cause and effect
arguments based on, 172
organizing with, 51
oversimplified, 152
for paragraph development, 104
transitions for, 111
CE, AD, 737
censor, censure, 753
cf. (compare), 738
cheating, versus collaborating, 119. See also plagiarism
checklists. See Quick Help
Chicago Manual of Style, 493
Chicago style, 493–517 Citation guidelines based on The Chicago Manual of Style.
basics, 493–94
citing sources without models, 498
manuscript format, 494–96
notes and bibliographic entries
directory to, 497
formatting, 495–96
models for, 498–512
sample student essay, 512–17
signal phrases in, 495
source maps
articles from databases, 506–7
books, 500–501
works from Web sites, 510–11
verb tense in, 495
visuals, labeling, 495
choices, writer’s. See rhetorical situation
chronological organization
for résumés, 327
transitions for, 111
for verbal and visual information, 51
chunking, for online texts, 267–68
circular argument, 151
citations, in-
cited in, 456. See also quoted in
claim, 163 An arguable statement.
in research project, 239
support for, 147–48
thesis and, 164–65
visual, 149
class discussions, 19–20
classical argument, 179
classification and division
organizing with, 51
for paragraph development, 102
clause, 556–58 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause must be attached to an independent clause.
adjective, 557–58
adverb, 558
commas with, 687–91
in comma splices, 636–40
in fused (run-
nonrestrictive, 689–91
restrictive, 689–91
as sentence fragment, 646
subordinating conjunction with, 543–44
clichés, 383
clustering, 42–43
coherence, 108–11 Also called “flow,” the quality that makes a text seem unified.
coined compounds, 748
collaboration, 118–22. See also peer review
in argument, 182
Considering Disabilities, 120
drafting and, 58
for exploring a topic, 46
models for, 120–21
for multilingual writers, 121
planning for, 119–20
reading and, 124–25
Quick Help, 120
Talking the Talk, 119
wikis and, 289
collages, as multimodal texts, 290
collective nouns, 535
agreement with verbs, 593
college writing. See academic writing
colons, 724–25
introducing quotations, 724
with quotation marks, 718
color, in design, 266–67
columns, in design, 267–68
commas, 686–99
and absolute phrases, 555
in addresses, 695
with adjective clauses, 690–91
with adverb clauses, 690–91
with appositives, 691
for clarity, 697
with contrasting elements, 694
in dates, 694–95
with direct address, 694
with interjections, 694
in numbers, 695
with parentheses, 721
with parenthetical expressions, 693
with participial phrases, 691
with place names, 695
with questions, 694
Quick Help, 686
with quotation marks, 696, 718
with titles of persons, 695
with transitions, 693
comma splice, 8, 636–40 An error in formal writing resulting from joining two independent clauses with only a comma.
for multilingual writers, 639
Quick Help, 637
comments
online, citing
APA style, 474
MLA style, 434
in working thesis, 48
common errors, 1–11. See also Top Twenty
common ground, building
in arguments, 166–67
Quick Help, 361
common nouns, 731–32
communicator, in rhetorical situation, 23
community, language evoking, 369–71
company names
abbreviations of, 738
capitalization of, 732
comparative, 540–41, 614–16 The -er or more form of an adjective or adverb used to compare two things (happier, more quickly).
compare to, compare with, 753
comparison and contrast
for essay examinations, 332
organizing with, 52
for paragraph development, 103–4
comparisons
transitions for, 111
compass points, capitalization of, 734
complement, compliment, 753
complements. See object complements; subject complements
complete predicates, 550
complete structures, 654–58
complete subjects, 548
complex sentences, 559
compliment, complement, 753
compose, comprise, 753
compound antecedents, 604–5
compound-
compound numbers, 748
compound prepositions, 542
compound structures
inconsistent, 656–57
pronoun case in, 603
compound words
apostrophes with, 710
hyphens with, 747–48
possessive, 710
comprise, compose, 753
conciseness Using the fewest possible words to make a point effectively.
in headings, 268
in presentations, 276
Quick Help, 661
in sentences, 660–64
conclusions
of presentations, 274–75
of research projects, 255
revising, 81–82
transitions for, 111
vivid images in, 115
concrete words, in argument, 175–76
conditional sentences, 587–88
conjunction, 537, 543–44 A word or words joining words, phrases, or clauses. See coordinating conjunction; correlative conjunction; subordinating conjunction
conjunctive adverb, 541, 544 A word (such as consequently, moreover, or nevertheless) that modifies an independent clause following another independent clause. A conjunctive adverb generally follows a semicolon and is followed by a comma: Thoreau lived simply at Walden; however, he regularly joined his aunt for tea in Concord.
comma with, 693
conscience, conscious, 753
consensus of opinion, 753
consequently, subsequently, 753
Considering Disabilities
American Sign Language, 372
assumptions, 365
collaborative projects, 120
color, 267
description, 177
drafting, 59
freespeaking, 41
presentations, 275
revising, 81
spelling, 399
consistency
in headings, 268
Quick Help, 655
in sentences, 654–58
content notes (APA style), 452
context. See also rhetorical situation
for reading, 125
for research project, 192–94
for writing, 23–39
continual, continuous, 753
contractions, 711
contrast. See also comparison and contrast
in design, 264
emphasizing, 681–82
transitions for, 111
contrasting elements, commas with, 694
conventions of writing. See genre; standard English
conversations
arguments as, 182
in class, 19–20
online, 14–16
convincing. See argument
coordinate adjectives, 692–93
coordinating conjunctions, 543 The words and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet, which give the same emphasis to both the elements they join: Restaurants are expensive, so I cook.
in compound predicates, 550
in compound subjects, 548
repetition for, 681
semicolons with, 700–701
subject-
coordination, 665–67
correlative conjunctions, 543 Paired conjunctions (both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, not only . . . but also) used to connect equivalent elements.
in compound predicates, 550
in compound subjects, 548
parallelism with, 632–33
pronoun-
subject-
could of, might of, 753
count noun, 535 A noun referring to something that can be directly counted: women, trees. Contrast with noncount noun.
articles with, 565–66
course management systems. See digital texts
cover letters
for portfolios, 339–42
for résumés, 325–26
credentials
of authorities, 171
of authors
critical reading and, 142
in the disciplines, 296
evaluating articles and, 220–21
usefulness of sources and, 215–16
credibility. See also authority
in academic writing, 17–18
attacks on, 150
in multimodal texts, 286
stance and, 28–29
varieties of English for, 370
criteria, criterion, 753
critical thinking and reading. See also analysis
for arguments, 140–59
for business, 322
digital texts, 124–25
for essay examinations, 331–36
in the humanities, 300–301
in the natural and applied sciences, 315–17
print texts, 124–25
Quick Help, 301
reflecting, 133–39
for research, 215–24
reviewing drafts, 64–79
in the social sciences, 306–7
Talking the Talk, 126
of visuals and media, 135–36
crowd-
CSE style, 518–32 The citation style guidelines issued by the Council of Science Editors.
in-
references
directory to, 521
models for, 520–30
sample student writing, 530–32
source maps
articles from databases, 528–29
books, 522–23
verb tense in, 318
visuals, labeling, 518
cultural contexts, for argument, 142–43
cumulative sentences, 676–77