| key concept 57.1 Ecosystem Science Considers How Energy and Nutrients Flow through Biotic and Abiotic Environments
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| Energy flowing through ecosystems originates with sunlight and inorganic and organic compounds
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| Nutrients cycling through ecosystems originate in soil, water, and the atmosphere
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| key concept 57.2 Energy and Nutrients in Ecosystems Are First Captured by Primary Producers
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| Net primary production is the amount of carbon remaining in plants after respiration
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| Patterns of primary production vary with latitude and ecosystem type
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| Rainfall and temperature largely control terrestrial primary production
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| Light and nutrients combine to control aquatic primary production
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| key concept 57.3 Food Webs Transfer Energy and Nutrients from Primary Producers to Consumers
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| The amount of energy transferred within food webs depends on trophic efficiency
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| Food webs are controlled by bottom-up and top-down forces
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| The number of trophic levels can control the flow of energy through food webs
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| key concept 57.4 Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems Involves Chemical and Biological Transformations
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| Water cycles rapidly around the globe
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| The carbon cycle is being altered by human activities, resulting in climate change
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| The nitrogen cycle is dominated by biotic processes
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| The global phosphorus cycle is dominated by geochemical processes
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| The burning of fossil fuels affects the sulfur cycle
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| key concept 57.5 Ecosystems Provide Important Services and Values to Humans
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| The value of ecosystem services can be measured
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| Apply What Youâve Learned
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