| 7.1 An Overview of Cellular Respiration
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| Cellular respiration uses chemical energy stored in molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids to produce ATP.
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| ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
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| Redox reactions play a central role in cellular respiration.
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| Cellular respiration occurs in four stages.
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| 7.2 Glycolysis: The Splitting of Sugar
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| Glycolysis is the partial breakdown of glucose.
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| The oxidation of pyruvate connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.
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| 7.4 The Citric Acid Cycle
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| The citric acid cycle produces ATP and reduced electron carriers.
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| Case 1: What were the earliest energy-harnessing reactions?
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| 7.5 The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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| The electron transport chain transfers electrons and pumps protons.
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| The proton gradient is a source of potential energy.
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| ATP synthase converts the energy of the proton gradient into the energy of ATP.
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| 7.6 Anaerobic Metabolism and the Evolution of Cellular Respiration
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| Fermentation extracts energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen.
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| Case 1: How did early cells meet their energy requirements?
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| 7.7 Metabolic Integration
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| Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants.
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| Sugars other than glucose contribute to glycolysis.
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| Fatty acids and proteins are useful sources of energy.
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| The intracellular level of ATP is a key regulator of cellular respiration.
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| Exercise requires several types of fuel molecules and the coordination of metabolic pathways.
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