[Open index in supp window]

calls for action, 82, 116

can, as helping verb, 534, 570–72

can, may, 753

can’t hardly, 753

can’t help but, 753

capital letters, 730–35

ALL CAPS, 21, 268, 453

APA style, 458, 464, 476

Chicago style, 500, 506, 510

CSE style, 520, 522, 528

missing, 5

MLA style, 418, 422

for multilingual writers, 733

in poetry, 730

for proper nouns and adjectives, 5, 540, 731–32

Quick Help, 731

in sentences, 730

in titles of works, 733

unnecessary, 5, 734

cartoons, 270, 290. See also visuals and media

case, 598–604 The form of a noun or pronoun that reflects its grammatical role: He ate (subjective). His food was cold (possessive). I saw him (objective).

in compound structures, 603

in elliptical constructions, 603

overview, 598–601

Quick Help, 599

Talking the Talk, 600

who, whoever, whom, whomever, 601–2

catalogs, library, 202–6

cause and effect

arguments based on, 172

organizing with, 51

oversimplified, 152

for paragraph development, 104

transitions for, 111

CE, AD, 737

censor, censure, 753

cf. (compare), 738

charts, 153, 174–75, 269. See also visuals and media

cheating, versus collaborating, 119. See also plagiarism

checklists. See Quick Help

Chicago Manual of Style, 493

Chicago style, 493–517 Citation guidelines based on The Chicago Manual of Style.

basics, 493–94

citing sources without models, 498

in-text citations, 493–94, 495–96, 498–512

long quotations in, 234, 495

manuscript format, 494–96

notes and bibliographic entries

directory to, 497

formatting, 495–96

models for, 498–512

sample student essay, 512–17

signal phrases in, 495

source maps

articles from databases, 506–7

books, 500–501

works from Web sites, 510–11

verb tense in, 495

visuals, labeling, 495

choices, writer’s. See rhetorical situation

chronological organization

for paragraph development, 100, 104–5

for résumés, 327

transitions for, 111

for verbal and visual information, 51

chunking, for online texts, 267–68

circular argument, 151

citation-name format, 519, 520

citation-sequence format, 519, 520

citations, in-text. See in-text citations

cited in, 456. See also quoted in

claim, 163 An arguable statement.

in deductive reasoning, 146–47, 173–74, 180–81

in research project, 239

support for, 147–48

thesis and, 164–65

visual, 149

class discussions, 19–20

classical argument, 179

classification and division

organizing with, 51

for paragraph development, 102

clause, 556–58 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause must be attached to an independent clause.

adjective, 557–58

adverb, 558

commas with, 687–91

in comma splices, 636–40

in fused (run-on) sentences, 636–40

nonrestrictive, 689–91

restrictive, 689–91

semicolon with, 688–89, 700–701

as sentence fragment, 646

subordinating conjunction with, 543–44

clichés, 383

climactic order, 276, 679–80

clustering, 42–43

code shifting, 274, 367–73

coherence, 108–11 Also called “flow,” the quality that makes a text seem unified.

coined compounds, 748

collaboration, 118–22. See also peer review

acknowledgment required for, 243, 248–49

in argument, 182

Considering Disabilities, 120

in the disciplines, 298–99, 318

drafting and, 58

for exploring a topic, 46

models for, 120–21

for multilingual writers, 121

planning for, 119–20

reading and, 124–25

Quick Help, 120

Talking the Talk, 119

wikis and, 289

collages, as multimodal texts, 290

collective nouns, 535

agreement with pronouns, 9, 605

agreement with verbs, 593

college writing. See academic writing

colloquial language, 375, 717

colons, 724–25

introducing quotations, 724

introducing series or lists, 702, 724

with quotation marks, 718

color, in design, 266–67

columns, in design, 267–68

commands, 549, 560, 626–27, 675

commas, 686–99

and absolute phrases, 555

in addresses, 695

with adjective clauses, 690–91

with adverb clauses, 690–91

with appositives, 691

for clarity, 697

in compound sentences, 7, 688–89

with contrasting elements, 694

in dates, 694–95

with direct address, 694

with interjections, 694

with introductory elements, 3, 687

with items in a series, 692–93, 698, 702

with nonrestrictive elements, 6–7, 689–90

in numbers, 695

with parentheses, 721

with parenthetical expressions, 693

with participial phrases, 691

with place names, 695

with questions, 694

Quick Help, 686

with quotation marks, 696, 718

with semicolons, 688, 702

with titles of persons, 695

with transitions, 693

unnecessary, 5, 697–98

comma splice, 8, 636–40 An error in formal writing resulting from joining two independent clauses with only a comma.

for multilingual writers, 639

Quick Help, 637

comments

instructor, 11, 76–79

online, citing

APA style, 474

MLA style, 434

peer, 11, 68–79, 257–58

posting online, 21, 118–19

in working thesis, 48

common errors, 1–11. See also Top Twenty

common ground, building

in arguments, 166–67

language for, 32–33, 360–66, 369–71

Quick Help, 361

common knowledge, 242, 243

common nouns, 731–32

communicator, in rhetorical situation, 23

community, language evoking, 369–71

company names

abbreviations of, 738

capitalization of, 732

comparative, 540–41, 614–16 The -er or more form of an adjective or adverb used to compare two things (happier, more quickly).

compare to, compare with, 753

comparison and contrast

for essay examinations, 332

organizing with, 52

for paragraph development, 103–4

comparisons

complete, 615, 657

transitions for, 111

compass points, capitalization of, 734

complement, compliment, 753

complements. See object complements; subject complements

complete comparisons, 615, 657

complete predicates, 550

complete structures, 654–58

complete subjects, 548

complex sentences, 559

compliment, complement, 753

compliments, in peer review, 68, 71

compose, comprise, 753

compound adjectives, 10, 747–48

compound antecedents, 604–5

compound-complex sentences, 560

compound nouns, 710, 747

compound numbers, 748

compound predicates, 550, 645

compound prepositions, 542

compound sentences, 7, 559, 688–89

compound structures

commas with, 5, 698

inconsistent, 656–57

pronoun case in, 603

compound subjects, 548, 592–93

compound words

apostrophes with, 710

hyphens with, 747–48

possessive, 710

spell checkers and, 4, 395

comprise, compose, 753

conciseness Using the fewest possible words to make a point effectively.

in headings, 268

in online texts, 267, 288–89

in presentations, 276

Quick Help, 661

in sentences, 660–64

conclusions

of arguments, 173–74, 179–81

of presentations, 274–75

questions in, 82, 115, 255

quotations in, 82, 115

of research projects, 255

revising, 81–82

transitions for, 111

vivid images in, 115

concrete words, in argument, 175–76

conditional sentences, 587–88

conjunction, 537, 543–44 A word or words joining words, phrases, or clauses. See coordinating conjunction; correlative conjunction; subordinating conjunction

conjunctive adverb, 541, 544 A word (such as consequently, moreover, or nevertheless) that modifies an independent clause following another independent clause. A conjunctive adverb generally follows a semicolon and is followed by a comma: Thoreau lived simply at Walden; however, he regularly joined his aunt for tea in Concord.

comma with, 693

semicolon with, 639, 700–701

connotation, 86, 364–66, 379–80

conscience, conscious, 753

consensus of opinion, 753

consequently, subsequently, 753

Considering Disabilities

accessibility, 202, 275, 287

American Sign Language, 372

assistive technology, 59, 81

assumptions, 365

audience, 33, 366

collaborative projects, 120

color, 267

description, 177

design, 202, 267, 275, 287

dictation, 41, 198

drafting, 59

freespeaking, 41

presentations, 275

revising, 81

spelling, 399

Web texts, 202, 287

consistency

in design, 265, 267

in headings, 268

Quick Help, 655

in sentences, 654–58

constructive criticism, 67, 71, 121

content notes (APA style), 452

context. See also rhetorical situation

for argument, 140, 142–43, 160

correctness and, 1, 600

cultural, 142–43, 354–59

for reading, 125

for research project, 192–94

for writing, 23–39

continual, continuous, 753

contractions, 711

contrast. See also comparison and contrast

in design, 264

emphasizing, 681–82

transitions for, 111

contrasting elements, commas with, 694

conventions of writing. See genre; standard English

conversations

arguments as, 182

in class, 19–20

online, 14–16

among texts, 118–19, 160

convincing. See argument

coordinate adjectives, 692–93

coordinating conjunctions, 543 The words and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet, which give the same emphasis to both the elements they join: Restaurants are expensive, so I cook.

commas with, 5, 7, 688–89, 698

in compound predicates, 550

in compound sentences, 7, 559, 688–89

in compound subjects, 548

to link clauses, 556–58, 638, 665–66

parallelism with, 6, 632

repetition for, 681

semicolons with, 700–701

subject-verb agreement with, 592–93

coordination, 665–67

copyrighted materials, 238, 241, 248, 290

correctness, context and, 1, 600

correlative conjunctions, 543 Paired conjunctions (both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, not only . . . but also) used to connect equivalent elements.

in compound predicates, 550

in compound subjects, 548

parallelism with, 632–33

pronoun-antecedent agreement with, 605

subject-verb agreement with, 593

could, as helping verb, 534, 570–72

could of, might of, 753

counterarguments, 167, 179–82, 222

count noun, 535 A noun referring to something that can be directly counted: women, trees. Contrast with noncount noun.

articles with, 565–66

for multilingual writers, 562, 565–66

course management systems. See digital texts

cover letters

for portfolios, 339–42

for résumés, 325–26

student examples, 326, 340–42

Creative Commons, 241, 290

credentials

of authorities, 171

of authors

critical reading and, 142

in the disciplines, 296

evaluating articles and, 220–21

usefulness of sources and, 215–16

of publishers and sponsors, 215, 218, 220

credibility. See also authority

in academic writing, 17–18

in arguments, 143–44, 165–68

attacks on, 150

establishing, 165–68, 255

in multimodal texts, 286

in online texts, 215, 218–19, 286

of sources, 126, 215–16, 218–21

stance and, 28–29

varieties of English for, 370

criteria, criterion, 753

critical thinking and reading. See also analysis

active reading, 19, 124–32, 293

annotating, 128–32, 225–26, 230

for arguments, 140–59

for business, 322

digital texts, 124–25

for essay examinations, 331–36

in the humanities, 300–301

in the natural and applied sciences, 315–17

previewing, 125–28, 213

print texts, 124–25

Quick Help, 301

reflecting, 133–39

for research, 215–24

reviewing drafts, 64–79

in the social sciences, 306–7

summarizing for, 132–33, 229

Talking the Talk, 126

of visuals and media, 135–36

criticism, constructive, 67, 71, 121

crowd-sourcing, 347

CSE style, 518–32 The citation style guidelines issued by the Council of Science Editors.

in-text citations, 519

manuscript format, 316, 518

references

directory to, 521

formatting, 518, 519–20

models for, 520–30

sample student writing, 530–32

source maps

articles from databases, 528–29

books, 522–23

verb tense in, 318

visuals, labeling, 518

cultural contexts, for argument, 142–43

cultures, communication across, 298–99, 354–59

cumulative sentences, 676–77