[Open index in supp window]
-s ending
apostrophe with, 709–10
plural nouns, 535, 709–10
spelling rules, 399
subject-
sample student writing. See also the directory of student writing models on p. 816
analysis
of an argument, 155–57
of a poem, 303–5
of a visual text, 89–92, 135–36, 137–39
of a written text, 134
annotated bibliography, 214
annotations on a text,129–32
argument, 183–88
blog post, 92
cover letters, 326, 340–42
drafts, 59, 88
essay exam response, 335–36
flyer, 348
fundraising Web page, 347
lab report, 318–20
letter of inquiry, 326
literature review
biology, 530–32
psychology, 309–13
public health, 482–92
memo, 324
newsletter, 350
notes, 129–32, 225, 229
peer review, 73–75
pitch package, 349
portfolio cover letter, 340–42
portfolio home page, 343
presentation, 37, 282
preview of a text, 127–28
report, online, 351
research projects
APA style, 482–92
argument, 183–88
Chicago style, 512–17
CSE style, 530–32
MLA style, 183–88, 441–50
synthesis of sources, 223–24
résumé cover letter, 326
résumés, 327–29
social media posts, 15, 347
summary of a text, 133
Web sites, 347, 351
sans serif fonts, 267
scholarly sources, 200–201, 207–8
sciences, natural and applied, 315–21. See also CSE style
abbreviations for, 737–38, 740
evidence for, 315–16
numbers in, 740
passive voice for, 586
reading in, 315–17
sample student lab report, 318–20
verb tense for, 318, 579
writing in, 317–18
sciences, social, 306–14. See also APA style
reading in, 306–7
sample student writing, 309–13
writing in, 308–9
scope, of research project, 193
scrapbooks, 290
screen names, citing
APA style, 462
MLA style, 415
scripts, for presentations, 277–78
search engines, 203–4, 207
searches, library, 202–6
seasons, capitalization of, 734
secondary source, 199–200, 297 A research source that reports on or analyzes the research of others or that describes or interprets a primary source.
second person (you)
of forms of be, 569–70
indefinite use of, 609
shifts and, 627
as subject, 549
self-
semicolons, 700–703
with commas, 688
in compound sentences, 559, 688–89
with items in a series, 702
to link clauses, 8, 638–39, 700–701
misused, 702
Quick Help, 701
with quotation marks, 702, 718
with transitions, 700–701
sentence, 546–48 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a complete thought. See also sentence errors; sentence structure
capitalization in, 730
complex, 559
compound, 7, 559, 688–89
compound-
conditional, 587–88
cumulative, 676–77
declarative, 560, 675
emphatic, 678–80
exclamatory, 560, 675
fused (run-
grammar of, 546–47
imperative, 549, 560, 626–27, 675
interrogative, 560, 675
map of, 536–37
order of, 561
parts of, 546–61
clauses, 556–58
phrases, 552–55
predicates, 546–48, 550–51
subjects, 546–47, 548–49
patterns, 547–48
periodic, 676
Quick Help, 548
simple, 559
Talking the Talk, 547
topic, 95–97
types of, 559–60, 675–77
variety, 672–77
sentence errors. See also Top Twenty
comma splices, 8, 636–40
compound structures, inconsistent, 656–57
faulty predication, 655–56
faulty structure, 6, 654–55
fragments, 10–11, 643–47
fused (run-
incomplete comparisons, 657
missing words, 6, 634, 656–57
shifts, 7, 626–30
sentence fragments, 10–11, 643–47
sentence structure
faulty, 6, 654–55
plagiarism and, 227–29, 244–45
in presentations, 276
revising, 83–85
simplifying, 661–63
series
colons before, 702, 724
commas in, 5, 692–93, 698
parallelism in, 631–32
semicolons with, 702
serif fonts, 267
set, sit, 577–78, 758
several, both, 563–64
sexist language, 361–63, 606
sexual orientation, assumptions about, 366
shall, as helping verb, 534, 572
she, her, 362, 538
she/he, 755
shifts
in discourse, 627–28
in mood, 626–27
for multilingual writers, 627–28
in number, 627
in person, 627
in tone and diction, 629, 723
in type size and style, 267
in varieties of language, 274, 367–73
in verb tense, 7, 626
in voice, 627
should, as helping verb, 534
should of, could of, 753
sic (“so”), 722
signal phrases, 234–35
APA style, 454
Chicago style, 495
CSE style, 519
MLA style, 405–6
signifying, 384
signpost language, 275–76, 278
silent e, 399
similes, 43–44, 176, 382
simple predicates, 550
simple sentences, 559
simple subjects, 548
simple tenses, 578–80, 581, 582 The past (It happened), present (Things fall apart), and future (You will succeed) forms of verbs.
since, 758
single quotation marks, 713
singular forms, 569, 604–6
sit, set, 577–78, 758
skimming. See previewing
slang
appropriate uses, 375
in global communication, 358
quotation marks for, 717
revising, 86
slashes, 714, 726
slides, media, 279–81, 284
so, 758. See also coordinating conjunctions
social bookmarking, 207
social media
audience and, 14–16, 31, 177
citing
APA style, 481–82
Chicago style, 508
MLA style, 409, 434
to explore a topic, 44, 46
posting on, 14–16, 248, 288–89, 346
punctuation and, 707
rhetorical situations and, 14–16, 24
sample student writing, 15, 347
social sciences, 306–14. See also APA style
reading in, 306–7
sample student writing, 309–13
writing in, 308–9
social writing. See informal writing; social media; Twitter and microblogs
sociology. See social sciences; APA style
some, enough, 563–64
somebody, someone, something. See indefinite pronoun
someplace, 758
some time, sometime, sometimes, 758
sort, type, kind, 755
sort of, kind of, 755
source maps
APA style
articles from databases, 472–73
articles from print periodicals, 468–69
books, 464–65
reports and long works from Web sites, 476–77
Chicago style
articles from databases, 506–7
books, 500–501
works from Web sites, 510–11
CSE style
articles from databases, 528–29
books, 522–23
evaluating sources
periodical articles, 220–21
Web sources, 218–19
MLA style
articles from databases, 428–29
articles in print periodicals, 422–23
books, 418–19
works from Web sites, 432–33
sources
acknowledgment required for, 179, 241–44
annotating, 128–32, 225–26, 230
for arguments, 179
authoritative, 207–8
citing and documenting
APA style, 451–92
Chicago style, 493–517
CSE style, 518–32
MLA style, 402–50
in online texts, 218–19, 287
current, 201, 216
evaluating, 133–39, 211–24
excessive use of, 239–40
for exploring a topic, 46
historical, 199, 201, 206
integrating, 232–40, 255
juried and nonjuried, 293
in library, 201–6
list of, preparing, 213–14, 259
literature review, 308–13, 317–18
for multilingual writers, 237
note-
online, 206–8, 287
paraphrasing, 227–29
primary, 199–200, 297
quoting, 226
reading critically, 213, 215–21, 293
scholarly and popular, 200–201, 207–8
secondary, 199–200, 297
summarizing, 132–33, 229
synthesizing, 222–23
spacing, 266, 267–68. See also formatting
spatial organization, 50, 101
speaking. See also presentations
in class, 19–20
to explore a topic, 41, 46
voice-
specific words, 380–81
specific-
speech, figures of. See figurative language
speech, parts of. See parts of speech
speeches. See presentations
spell checkers
Considering Disabilities, 81
editing with, 87–88, 394–96
Quick Help, 395
Talking the Talk, 395
wrong words and, 2–4, 394–96
spelling, 394–400
Considering Disabilities, 399
in dictionary, 386
for multilingual writers, 398
Top Twenty, 4
splices, comma. See comma splices
split infinitives, 651
spoke-
sponsors, of Web sites, 215, 218, 220
squinting modifiers, 650
stance
examining, 28–30
in the humanities, 302
in multimodal texts, 286
in online texts, 286
in presentations, 273
reflecting on, 65
in research projects, 192, 239–40, 250–51
of sources, evaluating, 19, 216, 217
standard English, 17, 368
state names, abbreviations for, 705
stationary, stationery, 758
statistics
as evidence, 153, 307
misleading, 153
numbers in, 741
in the social sciences, 307
stereotypes, avoiding, 360–66
stories. See narration
storyboarding, 56–57, 286
storyboard visual exercises. See the directory of online activities on p. 818
straw man fallacy, 152
streaming media, 289–90
strong verbs, 680–81
structure. See organization; sentence structure
student writing. See sample student writing; the directory of student writing models on p. 816
studies, qualitative and quantitative, 307, 308
stuffiness, 600
style
academic, 16–17
and culture, 358–59
of disciplines, 295–96
in the natural and applied sciences, 318
reading for, 129
rhetorical situation and, 37
in the social sciences, 308
subject, 546–49 The noun or pronoun and related words that indicate who or what a sentence is about. The simple subject is the noun or pronoun: The timid gray mouse ran away. The complete subject is the simple subject and its modifiers: The timid gray mouse ran away. See also topic
agreement with verb, 590–97
compound, 548, 592–93
explicit, 549
matching with predicate, 655–56
for multilingual writers, 549, 557
placement of, 547, 549
in questions, 549
required, 6, 549
understood, 549
subject complements
hyphens and, 10, 749
linking verbs and, 550
and pronoun case, 599
and subject-
subject groupings, 252
subject headings, for notes, 225, 229
subjective case, 598, 599
subjective pronouns, 599, 601–2
subjects (of texts), previewing, 126
subject-
with collective nouns, 593
with compound subjects, 592–93
with fractions, 593
with indefinite pronouns, 594
with linking verbs, 595
Quick Help, 591
with subject ending in -s, 595
with subject following verb, 595–96
with subject separated from verb, 591
with titles of works, 596
verb tense and, 590–91
with who, which, that, 594–95
with words used as words, 596
subject word searches, 203
subjunctive mood, 586–88, 626 The form of a verb used to express a wish, a suggestion, a request or requirement, or a condition that does not exist: If I were president, I would change things.
subordinate clause. See dependent clause
subordinating conjunction, 543–44 A word or phrase such as although, because, or even though that introduces a dependent clause: Think carefully before you answer.
in adverb clauses, 558
for linking clauses, 640, 668
list of, 668
in sentence fragment, 646
subordination, 667–71
subsequently, consequently, 753
such as, 725
suffixes
hyphens with, 748–49
spelling rules, 399
vocabulary building, 392–93
summary A brief retelling of the main points of a text.
acknowledgment required for, 243
in annotated bibliography, 214–15
in conclusions, 255
for critical reading, 132–33
dash introducing, 723
for essay examinations, 333
integrating, 232–33, 237
note-
for peer review, 70–71
present tense for, 580
Quick Help, 229, 232
student sample of, 133
transitions for, 111
superlative, 614–16 The -est or most form of an adjective or adverb used to compare three or more items (happiest, most quickly).
support. See detail; evidence
supposed to, used to, 758
sure, surely, 758
surface errors. See Top Twenty
surveys
as field research, 210–11, 242
Quick Help, 211
in the social sciences, 307
suspended hyphens, 748
s.v. (“under the word”), 503
syllables, in dictionary, 386
syllogisms, 173–74
symbols, 739
synonyms, in dictionary, 387
syntax, 78, 276 The arrangement of words in a sentence.
synthesis, 222–23 Grouping ideas and information together in such a way that the relationship among them is clear.
critical reading and, 125
of field research, 211
student sample, 223–24