| key concept 20.1 Evolution Is Both Factual and the Basis of Broader Theory
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| Darwin and Wallace introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection
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| key concept 20.2 Mutation, Selection, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Nonrandom Mating Result in Evolution
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| Mutation generates genetic variation
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| Selection acting on genetic variation leads to new phenotypes
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| Natural selection increases the frequency of beneficial mutations in populations
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| Gene flow may change allele frequencies
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| Genetic drift may cause large changes in small populations
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| Nonrandom mating can change genotype or allele frequencies
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| key concept 20.3 Evolution Can Be Measured by Changes in Allele Frequencies
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| Evolution will occur unless certain restrictive conditions exist
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| Deviations from HardyâWeinberg equilibrium show that evolution is occurring
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| key concept 20.4 Selection Can Be Stabilizing, Directional, or Disruptive
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| Stabilizing selection reduces variation in populations
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| Directional selection favors one extreme
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| Disruptive selection favors extremes over the mean
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| key concept 20.5 Multiple Factors Account for the Maintenance of Variation in Populations
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| Neutral mutations accumulate in populations
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| Sexual recombination amplifies the number of possible genotypes
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| Frequency-dependent selection maintains genetic variation within populations
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| Heterozygote advantage maintains polymorphic loci
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| Genetic variation within species is maintained in geographically distinct populations
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| key concept 20.6 Evolution Is Constrained by History and Trade-Offs
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| Developmental processes constrain evolution
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| Trade-offs constrain evolution
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| Short-term and long-term evolutionary outcomes sometimes differ
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| Apply What Youâve Learned
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