At the end of your paper, list the sources from which you have actually cited material. Center the title “Works Cited” at the top of a new, double-spaced page. Alphabetize entries by authors’ last names or, for works with no author, by title. When an entry exceeds one line, indent the following lines one-half inch. (In Microsoft Word, use your software menu—Format-Paragraph-Indentation—to set this special “hanging” indentation.)

In your Works Cited entry for a source, list the author and title (if the source includes those elements), following each one with a period. Next, you’ll need to list information for what MLA calls “containers”—the larger work where you found the source. Some sources are self-contained; for example, if you’re citing an entire book, the book title is the title of your source, and you won’t identify a separate container title. If you are citing a specific story in an anthology, that story title is the title of your source, and you’ll identify the container separately, with the book title. If a container is itself part of a larger container (a scholarly journal that you found in an academic database, for example), list the larger container after the smaller one. The elements of a container—including, when applicable, its title; the names of contributors such as editors or translators; the version or edition; the volume and issue numbers; the publisher; the date of publication; and a location such as the page number, DOI, permalink, or URL—are separated by commas. The end of a container is marked by a period.

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Here are a few general guidelines to keep in mind as you format your citations:

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Who Wrote It?

Individual Author

Buck, Rinker. The Oregon Trail: A New American Journey. Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Two Authors

Name the authors in the order in which they are listed on the title page.

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Three or More Authors

Name all the authors, or follow the name of the first author with the abbreviation “et al.” (Latin for “and others”). Identify the source in the same way you cite it in the text.

Roark, James L., et al. The American Promise, 6th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2015.

Same Author with Multiple Works

Arrange the author’s works alphabetically by title. Use the author’s name for the first entry only; for the rest, replace the name with three hyphens.

Pinker, S.“Now for the Good News: Things Really Are Getting Better.” The Guardian, 11 Sept. 2015, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/11/news-isis-syria-headlines-violence-steven-pinker.

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-- . The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person’s Guide to Writing in the 21st Century. Penguin Books, 2014.

Organization Author

When the author is a corporation, a government agency, or some other organization, begin with the name of the organization.

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Author and Editor

If your paper focuses on the work or its author, cite the author first.

Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Centennial Edition. 1916. Edited by Seamus Deane, Penguin Books, 2016.

If your paper focuses on the editor or the edition used, cite the editor first.

Deane, Seamus, editor. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Centennial Edition. By James Joyce, 1916. Penguin Books, 2016.

Author and Translator

If your paper focuses on the translation, cite the translator first.

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Oliver Ready. Penguin Books, 2015.

Ready, Oliver, translator. Crime and Punishment. By Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Penguin Books, 2015.

Unidentified Author

“2012 Cars: Safety.” Consumer Reports, Apr. 2012, pp. 72-76.

What Type of Source Is It?

Once you find the author format that fits, look for the type of source that best matches. There may be instances in which you have to adapt the models in this section to the source types you encounter in your research.

Article in a Printed or an Electronic Periodical

Article from a Printed Journal

Provide the volume number, issue number, year, and page numbers for all journals.

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Article from an Online Journal

Supply the information that you would for a print article, and include the URL of the article. If the article is paginated, include page numbers.

Pflugfelder, Ehren Helmut.“Cell Phones, Networks, and Power: Documenting Cell Phone Literacies.” Kairos, vol. 19, no. 2, 2015, technorhetoric.net/19.2/topoi/pflugfelder/.

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Article Accessed from an Electronic Database

If you find a source through a library database or a subscription service, include the name of the service and a permalink or DOI. If the database doesn't provide a permalink or a DOI, list only the basic URL for the database home page.

Hahn, Nicholas G., III.“The Religion of Climate Change: Lending the Power of the Pulpit to the Cause of Environmental Politics.” The Wall Street Journal, 7 Aug. 2015, p. A9. ProQuest, search.proquest.com.proxy.emerson.edu/.

Article from a Printed Magazine

Give the month and year of the issue or its specific date. If the article’s pages are not consecutive, add a + after its initial page.

Gregory, Sean.“Why Colleges Need Helicopter Parents.” Time, 28 Sept. 2015, pp. 25-26.

Marano, Hara Estroff.“Queen of Consciousness.” Psychology Today, Feb. 2015, pp. 29+.

Article from an Online Magazine

Anderson, Melinda.“The Economic Imperative of Bilingual Education.” TheAtlantic.com, 10 Nov. 2015, www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/11/bilingual-education-movement-mainstream/414912/.

Article from a Printed Newspaper

If the newspaper has different editions, indicate after the date the one where the article can be found. For example, for the national edition you would include “natl. ed.” If the pages for the article are not consecutive, add a + after its initial page.

Santora, Marc, and John Surico.“Angry about Fare Cuts, Uber Drivers in New York Warn of Reprisals.” The New York Times, 2 Feb. 2016, New York ed., p. A23.

Article from an Online Newspaper

Chang, Kenneth.“Stonehenge Begins to Yield Its Secrets.” The New York Times, 9 Nov. 2015, nyti.ms/1HrW7wG.

Editorial

Rampell, Catherine.“Americans’ Loyalty to Employers and Insurance Plans Is Costing Them Billions.” The Washington Post, 10 Nov. 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/americans-loyalty-to-employers-and-insurance-plans-is-costing-them-billions/2015/11/09/8e04a9de-8726-11e5-be39-0034bb576eee_story.html. Editorial.

Letter to the Editor

If the letter has no title, place “Letter” after the author’s name.

Berlinger, Nancy. Letter. The New Yorker, 24 Aug. 2015, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/08/24/the-mail-from-the-august-24-2015-issue.

Review

Include the words “Review of” before the title of the work reviewed.

Boyagoda, Randy.“The Great Calvinist American Novel.” Review of Lila, by Marilynne Robinson. The National Review, 31 Dec. 2014, pp. 47-49.

Printed or Electronic Book

Printed Book

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Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. HarperCollins Publishers, 2015.

Online Book

After the book publication information, include the title of the site in italics, the year of online publication, and the URL for the work.

Euripides. The Trojan Women. Translated by Gilbert Murray, Oxford UP, 1915. Internet Sacred Text Archive, 2011, www.sacred-texts.com/cla/eurip/troj_w.htm.

E-book

Turkle, Sherry. Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. Penguin Press, 2015. Kindle.

Multivolume Work

To cite the full work, add the number of volumes (“vols.”) after the date or dates.

Bindman, David, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. The Image of the Black in Western Art. Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 2010-14. 5 vols.

To cite only one volume, give its number before the publisher. If you wish, you then can add the total number of volumes after the date or dates.

Bindman, David, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. The Image of the Black in Western Art. Vol. 3, Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 2010-14. 5 vols.

Revised Edition

Comins, Neil F. Discovering the Essential Universe, 6th ed., W. H. Freeman, 2015.

Book Published in a Series

After the publication information, add the series name as it appears on the title page, followed by any series number.

Whatmore, Richard. What Is Intellectual History? Polity Press, 2015. What Is History?

Part of a Book

Give the author of the part first. Add the editor of the book after its title. For print books or PDF files with fixed page numbers, include the selection page numbers after the publication information.

Selection from a Book

Gans, Herbert.“Deconstructing the Underclass.” Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, edited by Paula S. Rothenberg with Kelly S. Mayhew, 9th ed., Worth Publishers, 2014, pp. 104-09.

Two or More Works from the Same Edited Collection

If you list more than one selection from an anthology, prepare and refer to an entry for the collection (instead of repeating it for each selection).

Beauchamp, Tom L.“Justifying Physician-Assisted Deaths.” LaFollette, pp. 85-91.

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LaFollette, Hugh. Ethics in Practice: An Anthology. 4th ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

Velleman, J. David.“Against the Right to Die.” LaFollette, pp. 92-100.

Preface, Introduction, Foreword, or Afterword

Pustz, Matthew. Introduction. It Happens at Comic-Con: Ethnographic Essays on a Pop Culture Phenomenon, edited by Ben Bolling and Matthew J. Smith, McFarland & Company, 2014, pp. vi-viii.

Article from a Reference Work

No editor, publisher, or place of publication is needed for online reference works or well-known references such as Webster’s, World Book Encyclopedia, or Encyclopaedia Britannica. No volume and page numbers are needed for online works or reference books that are organized alphabetically. If an article’s author is identified by initials, check the list of contributors, which should supply the full name.

Durante, Amy M.“Finn Mac Cumhail.” Encyclopedia Mythica, 17 Apr. 2011, www.pantheon.org/articles/f/finn_mac_cumhail.html.

Other Printed or Electronic Document

Government Document

Generally, the “author” will be the government, the name of the department, and the agency, if there is one, separated by commas. If the document identifies an author or editor, give that name before the title or after it, if you give the agency as author.

United States, Department of Health and Human Services. Keep the Beat Recipes: Deliciously Healthy Dinners. National Institutes of Health, Oct. 2009, healthyeating.nhlbi.nih.gov/pdfs/Dinners_Cookbook_508-compliant.pdf.

Pamphlet

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Office of Women’s Health. Your Glucose Meter. FDA Office of Women’s Health, 2014.

Doctoral Dissertation

If the study is unpublished, place the title in quotation marks; if published, italicize the title. For a dissertation, follow the title with “Dissertation.”

Achord, Rebecca Lynn Kling.“The Effect of Frequent Quizzing on Student Populations with Differing Preparation and Motivation in the High School Biology Classroom.” Dissertation, Louisiana State U, 2015.

Online Source

Entire Web Site

If a Web site does not have an update date or publication date, include your date of access at the end. If the site has no author (neither individual nor organizational), begin with the title. If the site has no title, include an identification such as “Home page.”

Glazier, Loss Pequeño, director. Electronic Poetry Center. State U of New York at Buffalo, 2014, epc.buffalo.edu/.

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Short Work from a Web Site

Place the short work in quotation marks before the name of the site and following the author, if there is one.

Vogel, Pam.“Myths and Facts about the College Debt Crisis.” Media Matters for America, 2 Oct. 2014, mediamatters.org/research/2015/10/02/myths-and-facts-about-the-college-debt-crisis/205936.

Home Page for a Campus Department or Course

Department of Communication Studies. California State University, Northridge, Mike Curb College of Arts, Media, and Communication, www.csun.edu/mike-curb-arts-media-communication/communication-studies.

Blog or Blog Entry

Cite a blog as you would an entire Web site. Cite a blog post as you would a short work from a Web site.

Ng, Amy. Pikaland. Pikaland Media, 2015, www.pikaland.com/.

Boehm, Mike.“Nonprofit Theaters Are Attracting More Donors, but Audiences Keep Shrinking, Report Says.” Culture Monster, 5 Nov. 2015, www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-report-nonprofit-theater-audiences-still-dropping-20151103-story.html.

Visual or Audio Source

Advertisement

Clarins. Psychology Today, Sept. 2015, p. 141. Advertisement.

Comic or Cartoon

Supply the cartoonist’s name and identification as a comic strip or cartoon.

Flake, Emily. The New Yorker, 14 Sept. 2015, p. 54. Cartoon.

Photograph or Work of Art

Supply the place (museum or gallery and city) where the photograph is housed. If you are citing it from a publication, identify that source. For a family or personal photograph, identify who took it and when.

Stieglitz, Alfred. Self Portrait. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Stieglitz: A Beginning Light, by Katherine Hoffman, Yale UP, 2004, p. 251.

Strand, Paul. Fifth Avenue, New York, Museum of Modern Art, New York. Photograph.

Botticelli, Sandro. The Birth of Venus. 1482-86, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

Sound Recording

Begin with the name of the artist, composer, speaker, writer, or other contributor, based on your interest in the recording.

Bach, Johann Sebastian. Bach: Violin Concertos. Performances by Itzhak Perlman and Pinchas Zukerman, English Chamber Orchestra, EMI, 2002.

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Program on Television or Radio

If you are citing a specific episode, place it in quotation marks. Place the name of the program in italics. Include the network. If you viewed the program online, include a URL.

“Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria.” Frontline, PBS, WGBH, Boston, 7 July 2015.

“At Last, a Fitting Farewell for Richard III.” Weekend Edition, National Public Radio, KCFR, Denver, 28 Mar. 2015.

Film

Start with the title, unless you are citing a particular person’s work.

The Martian. Director Ridley Scott, performances by Matt Damon and Jessica Chastain, Twentieth Century Fox, 2015.

Scott, Ridley, director. The Martian. Twentieth Century Fox, 2015.

Live Performance

A Confederacy of Dunces. By Jeffrey Hatcher, directed by David Esbjornson. Huntington Theatre Company, Boston, 18 Dec. 2015.

Field Source

Personal Interview

Burzyck, Krista. Personal interview, 5 Feb. 2016.

Broadcast Interview

Begin with the name of the person who was interviewed, followed by “Interview by” and the interviewer’s name, if relevant.

Johnson, Mat.“Mat Johnson on ‘Loving Day’ and Life as a ‘Black Boy’ Who Looks White.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, National Public Radio, KCFR, Denver, 29 May 2015.

Published Interview

Tamblyn, Amber.“Interview with Amber Tamblyn.” Interview by Rachel Matlow, The Believer, Spring 2015, pp. 123-27.

Speech or Lecture

Carr, Nicholas.“The World Is Not the Screen: How Computers Shape Our Sense of Place.” Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, 3 Mar. 2015.

Personal Letter

Finch, Katherine. Letter to the author, 1 Oct. 2016.

E-mail

Moore, Jack.“Robinson Lecture.” Received by Dan Levine, 11 Aug. 2016.

Online Posting

Yen, Jessica.“Quotations within Parentheses (Study Measures).” Copyediting-L, 18 Mar. 2016, list.indiana.edu/sympa/arc/copyediting-l/2016-03/msg00492.html.

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Daniel-Gittens, Kathy-Ann.“Debate: Is There a Role for Badges in Higher Education?” Humanities and Social Sciences Online, 9 Oct. 2015, tlcwebinars.wordpress.com/2015/10/08/debate-is-there-a-role-for-badges-in-higher-education/.