a, an (articles), 751
as adjectives, 540
capitalization of, in titles, 733
with nouns, 535
abbreviations, 736–39
acronyms, 737–38
in APA references, 464
in Chicago notes and bibliography, 500
of company names, 738
in the disciplines, 740
of geographic terms, 738–39
initial, 737–38
Latin, 738
in MLA works cited, 416
of months, 738
periods with, 704–5
Quick Help, 736
for reference information, 738
symbols, 739
texting and, 378
for time of day, 737
for units of measurement, 739
with years, 737
abridged dictionaries, 388
absolute concepts, 615–16
abstracts
academic writing. See also writing projects
assignments for, 25–27
collaborating on, 118–22
in the disciplines, 292–330
expectations for, 14–22
for global communication, 298–99
media for, 20–22
portfolios of, 337–43
purpose for, 28
reading and, 19
social writing versus, 14–17
stance in, 28–30
standard English for, 368
style for, 16–17
accessibility
of media texts, 270
of presentations, 275
of Web sites, 202
accuracy, of sources, 216
acronyms, 737–38
active listening, 19–20
active voice, 585–86 The form of a verb when the subject performs the action: Lata sang the chorus.
for conciseness, 663
revising for, 85
AD, CE, 737
addresses. See also URLs
commas in, 695
numbers in, 741
ad hominem fallacy, 150
adjective, 540, 611–19 A word that modifies, quantifies, identifies, or describes a noun or words acting as a noun.
absolute concepts, 615–16
coordinate, 692–93
for multilingual writers, 614
noun as, 616
object complement as, 551
with plural noun, 614
positive, 614–15
prepositional phrase as, 552
pronoun as, 600–601
Quick Help, 611–12
in sentence map, 536
verbal phrase as, 552
word order with, 617–18
adjective clauses
commas with, 690–91
for multilingual writers, 557–58
adverb, 540–41, 611–19 A word that qualifies, modifies, limits, or defines a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a clause, frequently answering the question where? when? how? why? to what extent? or under what conditions?
absolute concepts, 615–16
hyphen with, 748
positive, 614–15
prepositional phrase as, 552
Quick Help, 611–12
in sentence map, 537
verbal phrase as, 552
adverb clauses, 558
commas with, 690–91
subordinating conjunctions before, 543–44
adverbial particle, 622
advertisements. See visuals and media
advice, advise, 751
African American, 363
aggravate, 751
agreement The correspondence between a pronoun and its antecedent in person, number, and gender (Mr. Fox and his sister) or between a verb and its subject in person and number (She and Moe are friends).
of subject and verb, 590–97
alignment, 264
ALL CAPS
in digital texts, 21
in headings, 268
in running heads (APA style), 453
all right, alright, 751
all together, altogether, 751
allude, elude, 751
allusion, illusion, 751
allusions, 384
a lot, 751
almanacs, 202
alright, all right, 751
alternating comparisons, 52
altogether, all together, 751
am. See be, forms of
AM, a.m., 737
ambiguous pronoun reference, 607–8
America, American, 365
Americans with Disabilities Act, 202
American Sign Language, 372
among, between, 751–52
amount, number, 752
an, a. See a, an
analogies
in emotional appeals, 176
as evidence, 357
false, 151
as figures of speech, 383
organizing with, 52
for paragraph development, 105
analysis. See also assignments; critical thinking and reading
of arguments, 140–59
of examination questions, 332
of field research, 211
of literature, 302–3
of rhetorical situations, 23–39
of sources, 211–24
of texts, 133–39
and. See coordinating conjunctions
AND, in advanced searches, 203
and/or, 752
annotated bibliographies, 214–15
ambiguous, 607–8
implied, 609
antithesis, 681–82
any, 594. See also indefinite pronoun
any body, anybody, 752
any one, anyone, 752
anyplace, 752
anything. See indefinite pronoun
anyway, anyways, 752
APA style, 451–92 The citation style guidelines issued by the American Psychological Association.
basics of, 451–52
citing sources without models, 459
content notes, 452
in-
directory to, 454
models for, 455–58
manuscript format, 452–54
references
directory to, 459–61
formatting, 458
models for, 461–82
sample research project, 482–92
signal phrases in, 454
source maps
articles from databases, 472–73
articles from print periodicals, 468–69
books, 464–65
reports and long works from Web sites, 476–77
apostrophes, 708–12
with possessive forms, 535
Quick Help, 709
Top Twenty, 7–8
appeals, in arguments
analyzing, 143–46
audience and, 176–77
bandwagon, 150
in-
making, 165–78
for multilingual writers, 144
visual
applications for employment, 325–29, 337–43
applied sciences. See sciences, natural and applied
appositive A noun or noun phrase that adds identifying information to a preceding noun or noun phrase: Zimbardo, an innovative researcher, designed the experiment.
commas with, 691
in phrases, 555
apt, liable, likely, 752
Arab, 365
archives, for research, 206
are. See be, forms of
argument, 140–88 A text that makes and supports a claim.
appeals in (ethos, logos, pathos)
analyzing, 143–46
making, 165–78
arguable statements
acknowledging sources of, 243
analyzing, 147
making, 163
assumptions
analyzing, 148
in working thesis, 164
audience for, 176–77
bias in, 142
circular, 151
classical system, 179–80
common ground, establishing, 166–67
counterarguments
synthesizing, 222
credibility
analyzing, 143–44
establishing, 165–68
cultural expectations for, 357
deductive reasoning
analyzing, 146–47
using, 173–74
delivery, 182–83
elements of, 146–49
evidence
analyzing, 144–48
fallacies, 149–53
genres for, 182–83
in the humanities, 300–301
inductive reasoning, 173
in the natural and applied sciences, 316
opposing viewpoints
synthesizing, 222
organizing, 179–82
reviewing, 161
in the social sciences, 308
Talking the Talk, 162
thesis, 164–65
visuals in
writing, 160–88
art, works of
in library collections, 206
as primary sources, 199
articles (a, an, the)
as adjectives, 540
capitalization of, 733
with nouns, 535
articles from databases. See databases, periodical
articles in periodicals. See periodical articles
as, as if, as though, 382
as, as if, like, 752
as, vague use of, 752
ASL (American Sign Language), 372
assignments
for essay examinations, 332
genres for, 34–36
in the humanities, 302
in the natural and applied sciences, 317–18
in portfolios, 339
for presentations, 272–74
for research projects, 191–94
Talking the Talk, 26
assistive technologies, 81
association
guilt by, 150
organizing by, 53
assumptions
about gender, 361–63
stereotypes and, 360–66
in working thesis, 164
assure, ensure, insure, 752
as to, 752
at, in, on, 620–22
at, where, 759
attitude. See stance
audience
critical reading and, 128
in the disciplines, 293
global, 354–59
for memos, 323
for multimodal texts, 286
for portfolios, 338
for presentations, 272–74
previewing, 125
reflecting on, 65
Talking the Talk, 194
tone and, 86
audio. See multimodal text
authority. See also credibility
in arguments, 171–72
cultural expectations about, 356
in the disciplines, 296
establishing, 17–18
author listings
missing, 583
for multilingual writers, 570
awhile, a while, 752