| key concept 31.1 Protostomes Account for More Than Half of All Described Species
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| Cilia-bearing lophophores and trochophores evolved among the lophotrochozoans
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| Ecdysozoans must shed their cuticles
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| Arrow worms retain some ancestral developmental features
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| key concept 31.2 Many Lophotrochozoans Have Ciliated Feeding Structures or Life Stages
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| Most bryozoans and entoprocts live in colonies
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| Flatworms, rotifers, and gastrotrichs are structurally diverse relatives
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| Ribbon worms have a long, protrusible feeding organ
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| Brachiopods and phoronids use lophophores to extract food from the water
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| Annelids have segmented bodies
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| Mollusks have undergone a dramatic evolutionary radiation
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| key concept 31.3 Ecdysozoans Grow by Shedding Their Cuticles
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| Several marine ecdysozoan groups have relatively few species
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| Nematodes and their relatives are abundant and diverse
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| key concept 31.4 Arthropods Are the Most Abundant and Diverse Group of Animals
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| Arthropod relatives have fleshy, unjointed appendages
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| Jointed appendages appeared in the trilobites
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| Chelicerates have pointed, nonchewing mouthparts
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| Mandibles and antennae characterize the remaining arthropod groups
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| More than half of all described species are insects
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| Key Features of Protostome Evolution
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| Apply What Youâve Learned
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