Part 10: SPEAKER’S REFERENCE
Apply Your Knowledge of Face-to-Face Speaking
Understand the Unique Demands of Online Delivery
- Review the equipment you will use, and become comfortable with using it.
- Focus on vocal variety to hold audience interest and a conversational style to convey naturalness.
- Provide superior presentation aids to give the audience a compelling visual experience.
Plan for the Delivery Mode
- Use real-time, synchronous presentations for immediate interactivity with your online audience.
- Recorded, or asynchronous, presentations provide the advantage of long-term availability to your audience—who can access them on their time.
Select the Appropriate Online Presentation Format
- Video is one of the most common ways people get their message out.
- Podcasts and vodcasts are digital audio recordings (with or without video) stored in a Web-accessible form.
- Webinars connect presenters and audiences from their desktops regardless of where they are.
Keep Your Focus on the Goal(s) of the Group
Plan on Assuming Dual Roles
- Adopt a constructive task role to accomplish concrete needs of the group.
- Adopt a constructive interpersonal role to facilitate group interaction.
- Avoid antigroup roles that hinder group efforts.
Center Disagreements on Issues Rather Than Personalities
Don’t Accept Information and Ideas Uncritically Merely to Get Along
As Leader, Set Goals and Identify the Problem
- Set a performance goal.
- Identify the resources necessary to achieving the goal.
- Recognize contingencies that may arise.
- Obtain feedback.
As Leader, Encourage Active Participation among Group Members
Adopt the Six-Step Framework for Making Decisions and Reaching Goals
- Identify the problem.
- Conduct research and analysis.
- Establish guidelines and criteria.
- Generate solutions.
- Select the best solution.
- Evaluate solutions.
Prepare and Deliver Team Presentations
- Analyze your audience and set goals for the presentation.
- Assign roles and tasks to team members.
- Decide on the transitions to be used between speakers.
- Carefully control team nonverbal behavior during the presentation.
- Consider team member strengths to construct a better presentation.
- Figure out how presentation aids will be handled.
- As always, rehearse the presentation before giving it.
Understand the Differences between a Presentation and a Speech
- Presentations are less formal than public speeches.
- Presentations tend to be more interactive than speeches.
- Presentations generally do not presume special speaker expertise.
Prepare a Case Study Presentation to Reflect Real-World Business Situations
Prepare a Sales Presentation (“Sales Pitch”) to Persuade Potential Buyers to Purchase a Service or Product
- Organize the presentation as a persuasive speech, selecting among the problem-solution, comparative advantage pattern, or, as follows, Monroe’s motivated sequence: (also called the basic sales technique).
- Draw the potential buyer’s attention to the product.
- Isolate and clarify the buyer’s need for the product.
- Describe how the product will satisfy the buyer’s need.
- Invite the buyer to purchase the product.
Prepare a Proposal When Promoting an Idea, a Product, or a Procedure
- Proposals can be informative or persuasive in nature.
- All proposals will outline the problem and give recommendations.
Prepare a Staff Report When Informing Personnel of Developments Affecting Them or When Reporting on the Completion of a Task
Prepare a Progress Report to Offer Updates on Developments in an Ongoing Project
- A progress report is similar to a staff report, but its audience can include people from outside the organization.
- Be prepared to answer questions at the end of a progress report.
Prepare a Crisis-Response Presentation When Seeking to Reassure an Organization’s Various Audiences and Restore Its Credibility
- This type of presentation is generally transmitted via media such as television or radio.
- Generally crisis-response presentations have either problem-solution or refutation organizational patterns.
Expect to Prepare Oral Presentations in a Variety of Formats
- You will be asked to prepare reviews of academic articles.
- You may engage in debates.
- You may prepare poster presentations.
- You may give a service learning presentation.
Prepare to Present to a Variety of Audiences
In Science and Mathematics Courses, Expect to Present the Results of Experiments or Solutions to Problems
- The research presentation describes original research you have done, either alone or as part of a team.
- The methods/procedure presentation describes and sometimes demonstrates an experimental or mathematical process, including the conditions under which the report can be applied.
- The research overview presentation provides context and background for a research question or hypothesis that will form the basis of an impending undertaking.
- The field study presentation describes research conducted in naturalistic surroundings.
Ground Scientific and Mathematical Presentations in the Scientific Method
- Provide detailed information about the methods used in gathering and analyzing data.
- Be prepared to use observations, proofs, and experiments as support for the presentation.
- Be selective in your choice of details.
- Use analogies to build on prior knowledge.
- Use presentation aids.
In Technical Courses Such as Engineering, Computer Science, and Architecture, Expect to Describe Projects
- Engineering and architecture design reviews report on the results of a design project.
- The request for funding presentation provides evidence that a project is worth funding.
- Incorporate diagrams, prototypes, and other aids into the technical presentation.
In Social Science Courses, Expect to Focus on Qualitative and Quantitative Research
- Be prepared to describe experiments, observations, and other forms of research.
- Expect to explain social or psychological phenomena by answering what, how, and why questions.
In Social Science Courses, Expect to Review and Evaluate the Research
- The review of the literature presentation examines the body of research related to a given topic or issue and offers conclusions about the topic based on this research.
- The theoretical research presentation critically examines theories that explain a phenomenon, such as teen alcohol abuse or infant neglect.
- The program evaluation presentation examines the effectiveness of programs developed to address various issues.
- The policy recommendation report offers recommendations to solve a problem or address an issue.
In Arts and Humanities Courses, Focus on Interpreting and Analyzing the Topic
- Explain in an informative speech the relevance of a historical or contemporary person or event; a school of philosophical thought; or a piece of literature, music, or art.
- Compare and contrast events, stories, artifacts, or people in order to highlight the similarities or differences between them.
- Research a topic and then lead a classroom discussion on it.
In Education Courses, Expect to Prepare Lectures and to Lead Group Activities and Classroom Discussions
- Pay careful attention to organizing presentations in education courses.
- Demonstrate how material in the lecture relates to the overall course content.
- Use student-friendly examples as evidence and support.
In Nursing and Allied Health Courses, Expect to Address a Range of Audiences on Health-Care Practices and Techniques
- You may be assigned an evidence-based practice (EBP) presentation, in which you review the scientific literature on a clinical problem and suggest best practices.
- You may be assigned a clinical case study, in which you offer an analysis of a case.
- You may prepare a quality improvement proposal, in which you recommend adoption of new practices or policies.
- You may prepare one of several treatment plan reports, in which you report on a patient’s condition and outline plans of treatment.
- The case conference describes the patient’s status, outlines steps for treatment, reviews goals and financial needs, and assesses resources.
- The shift report provides the oncoming caregiver a concise report of the patient’s status and needs.
KEY TERMS
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