| 4.1 Molecular Structure of Proteins
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| Amino acids differ in their side chains.
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| Successive amino acids in proteins are connected by peptide bonds.
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| The sequence of amino acids dictates protein folding, which determines function.
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| Secondary structures result from hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone.
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| Tertiary structures result from interactions between amino acid side chains.
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| Polypeptide subunits can come together to form quaternary structures.
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| Chaperones help some proteins fold properly.
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| 4.2 Translation: How Proteins Are Synthesized
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| Translation uses many molecules found in all cells.
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| The genetic code shows the correspondence between codons and amino acids.
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| Translation consists of initiation, elongation, and termination.
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| Case 1: How did the genetic code originate?
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| 4.3 Protein Evolution and the Origin of New Proteins
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| Most proteins are composed of modular folding domains.
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| Amino acid sequences evolve through mutation and selection.
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