| key concept 32.1 Deuterostomes Include Echinoderms, Hemichordates, and Chordates
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| Deuterostomes share early developmental patterns
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| There are three major deuterostome clades
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| Fossils shed light on deuterostome ancestors
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| key concept 32.2 Echinoderms and Hemichordates Are Restricted to Marine Environments
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| Echinoderms have unique structural features
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| Hemichordates are wormlike marine deuterostomes
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| key concept 32.3 Chordates Have a Dorsal Nerve Cord and a Notochord
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| Adults of most lancelets and tunicates are sedentary
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| A dorsal supporting structure replaces the notochord in vertebrates
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| The phylogenetic relationships of jawless fishes are uncertain
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| Jaws and teeth improved feeding efficiency
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| Fins and swim bladders improved stability and control over locomotion
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| key concept 32.4 Life on Land Contributed to Vertebrate Diversification
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| Jointed limbs enhanced support and locomotion on land
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| Amphibians usually require moist environments
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| Amniotes colonized dry environments
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| Reptiles adapted to life in many habitats
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| Crocodilians and birds share their ancestry with the dinosaurs
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| Feathers allowed birds to fly
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| Mammals radiated after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs
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| key concept 32.5 Humans Evolved among the Primates
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| Two major lineages of primates split late in the Cretaceous
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| Bipedal locomotion evolved in human ancestors
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| Human brains became larger as jaws became smaller
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| Humans developed complex language and culture
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| Apply What Youâve Learned
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