a. See articles (a, an, the)

abbreviations

in academic writing, H-79

common uses of, H-79–81

incorrect use, H-80–81

numerals in, H-78

periods in, H-70

plurals, H-67

ABC test, for logic of argument, 539–41

absolute phrases

commas, setting off with, H-52

functions of, H-111

abstracts

database search results, 679

social sciences reports, 689

academic degrees, abbreviations for, H-80

Academic OneFile, 202, 280, 339, 389, 678

Academic Search Complete, 202, 280, 339, 389

Academic Search Premier, 678

accept/except, H-112

acronyms, parentheses to enclose, H-68

action in writing

action sequences, creating, 20

dramatic arc structure, 12, 29, 36–37

narrative action, 566–67

and prepositional phrases, 20, 62

time transitions, 38, 50–51

verbs, expressing with, 20, 566–67

action verbs, action sequences, creating, 20, 566–67

active voice, 50, H-21–22, H-98, H-106

AD (anno Domini), H-80

adapt/adopt, H-112

adaptations, of literary works, 471

Ad Council, “$9 Lunch, The,” 329,

Ad Council/U.S. Department of Transportation, “‘It’s Only Another Beer’ Black and Tan, The,” 273,

addresses

commas in, H-54

numerals in, H-78

ad hominem attack, 249, 621

adjective (relative) clauses

commas with, 168

defined, 168

functions of, H-108

relative pronouns to introduce, H-100

adjectives, H-25–26, H-101

adverbs as modifiers of, H-101

versus adverbs in sentences, H-25–26

comparisons, H-26, H-101

as complements, H-97

compound, hyphen in, H-72

coordinate, H-54

cumulative, H-54, H-56

demonstrative, H-108

indefinite, H-34

as modifiers, 109, H-26, H-101

nouns and pronouns used as, H-101

order of, multilingual writers, troublespots, 109, H-94–95

predicate, H-97

adopt/adapt, H-112

adverbial clauses, H-109

trailing, and commas, H-56

adverbials, as modifiers, H-97

adverbs, H-25–26, H-101–2

versus adjectives in sentences, H-25–26

adverbs as modifiers of, H-101

comparisons, H-26, H-101

conjunctive, 291, H-6, H-8, H-58, H-102

in formal writing, H-25

as modifiers, H-26, H-101

advertisements, MLA style documentation, 725

advice/advise, H-112

advise/advice, H-112

affect/effect, H-112

afterword

APA style documentation, 744

MLA style documentation, 719

agents

agentless sentences, use of, 346

missing in sentences, correcting, 346

airplanes, names, italics for, H-79

Akana, William

“Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: A Hell of a Ride,” 353–54, 356–67, 391, 396–97, 399–400

Writer at Work, 399–400

all right, H-112

allusions, comparing with, 30

a lot, H-112

Alt-Press Watch, 678

ambiguity, avoiding, and hyphens, H-73

“American Childhood, An” (Dillard), 12, 17–21, 29, 36, 38–42

among/between, H-112

amount/number, H-112

a.m./p.m. H-80

an. See articles (a, an, the)

analogy

false analogy, 621

and testing for appropriateness, 540

uses of, 605–6

analysis of stories. See stories, analysis of analytical approach

to common ground essays, 176–77, 188, 194, 208

for field research observations, 683

survey results, 689

anecdotes

believability, testing for, 540

defined, 78, 615

in explanations of concepts, 157

from interviewees, 94

in position arguments, 258–59

in profiles, 78, 94

in proposals for solutions, 299–300, 333

in speculation about cause, 419–20

supporting position with, 615–16

annotations and annotating, 521–28

Annotations Chart (opposing position analysis), 200–201, 213–15

bibliographies, 672

common ground essays, 200–201, 213–15

examples

“‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 522–27

Writer at Work (Melissa Mae), 213–15

forms of, 522

functions of, 521

stories, analysis of, 475, 491–92

taking inventory of, 528

antecedents

pronoun agreement, H-12–13

pronoun reference, H-10–11

anthology, work in

APA style documentation, 741

MLA style documentation, 713, 717

anxious/eager, H-112

APA style, 739–49

author listings, order of, 742

block quotations, indenting, 705–6, H-63

digital object identifier (DOI), 744, 745

in-text citations, 740–41

author indicated in signal phrase, 740

book by one author, 740

book with more than one author, 740

corporate or government author, 741

later edition of book, 744

multiple authors with same last name, 741

required information in, 739–40

secondary source, quotations from, 741

several books by same author/same year, 741

several works in same parentheses, 741

unknown author, 740–41

list of references (print, electronic), 741–49

articles (print, electronic), 745–47

blogs, 747

book by agency or corporation, 743

book by more than one author, 743

book by single author, 742

book by unknown author, 743

book with author and editor, 744

computer software, 748

dictionary entry, 744

directory, 741–42

discussion lists, 747

doctoral dissertation, unpublished, 745

edited works, 744

editorial, 746

e-mail message, 748

film or video recording, 746

government documents, 744

interview, 747

introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword, 744

magazine articles, 746

multimedia sources, 746–48

music recording, 746

newsgroup posting, 747

newspaper articles, 745

reference book article, 744

review, 746

sample list, 748–49

scholarly journal article, 745

several books by same author, 743

television programs, 746

translations, 741

unknown author, 743

Web site, 747

Wiki entry, 748

work in anthology or collection, 744

verb tense, using, H-19

apostrophes, H-66–68

in contractions, H-67

incorrect use, H-68

plural of numbers, letters, abbreviations, H-67

to show possession, H-66–67

appeals, in position arguments, 247–48

appositive phrases

for combining sentences, 398–99

functions in sentence, H-110

in sentence definitions, 587

appositives

colons to emphasize, H-59

commas to set off, 159, H-59

dashes to set off, 159

defined, 159

in explanations of concepts, 159

appropriateness, testing for, 539–40

appropriate qualification, 610

“Araby” (Joyce), 497–01

archives, catalogs, online, 677

argument essays

cause, speculating about. See speculation about cause

evaluations, assertion of. See evaluations

opposing positions, presenting. See common ground essays

positions, stating. See position arguments

solution to problem, proposing. See proposals for solutions

stories, analysis of. See stories, analysis of

arguments and arguing, 608–25

acknowledging readers’ concerns, 618

comparing and contrasting for, 607

concessions, 618–19

logical fallacies, 620–21

logic of. See logic of arguments

reasons and support, presenting, 611–17

refutation, 619–20

sentence strategies for, 621–25

thesis, asserting, 608–11

articles (a, an, the)

missing in sentences, H-28

multilingual writers, troublespots, H-86–88

uses of, H-108

articles in periodicals. See periodicals and periodical articles

art works

library collections, 677

MLA style documentation, 725

titles, italics for, H-78

as

and pronoun case, H-17

for time transitions, 38

assertions, arguable, 609–10

assessment methods

essay examinations, 752–65

writing portfolios, 766–70

“Attachment: Someone to Watch over You” (Lyu), 119–28, 133, 139–40, 146, 169–70

Aucoin, Don, “For Some, Helicopter Parenting Delivers Benefits,” 225–27

audience. See also readers

for common ground essays, 175, 201–2

and document design, 641–42

for evaluations, 353, 386–87

for explanations of concepts, 119

for oral presentations, 773

for position arguments, 245, 263, 278–79

for profiles, 61

for proposals for solutions, 299, 333–34

for remembered event essays, 11, 13, 35–36, 42, 54

for speculation about cause, 405, 438–39

for stories, analysis of, 459

writer’s assumptions about, 11, 61, 119, 175, 245, 299, 353, 405

audio recordings

of interviews, 94

as library source, 677

authority or expert information. See also sources; supporting evidence

appositives, use with, 159

and authorship, 3–4, 692

believability, testing for, 541

overreliance fallacy, 621

in position arguments, 247, 264, 281

in proposals for solutions, 300, 320, 335–36

sources, checking for credibility, 680, 692–96

in sources, criteria for, 692–94

in speculation about cause, 420, 431–32, 441

statistics as, 264, 335–36

supporting position with, 614–15

and testing for appropriateness, 540

authors, citing. See APA style; MLA style

autobiography

present perspective in, 13, 22, 53–54

and remembered events. See remembered event essays

showing and telling in, 21–22

significance, creating, 11, 13, 22, 31, 42–43

and thesis statement, 547

thoughts and feelings, remembered in, 13, 26–27, 52–53

auxiliary (helping) verbs

functions in sentence, H-102

modals, H-91–92

verb forms following, H-90–91