said, as speaker tag, 108

Samson, Betsy

“Does Mother Know Best?,” 176–77, 183–89, 203–6, 213–15

Writer at Work, 213–15

Satel, Sally, “Yuan a Kidney?,” 234–36

scanning, printed sources, 673

scene, and analysis of visuals, 628, 632

schedule

for profiles, information gathering, 92

for research paper, 668–69

scholarly projects, online, MLA style documentation, 728–29

scholarly sources. See also periodicals and periodical articles

features of, 693–94

journal content, typical, 694

MLA style documentation, 721–23

versus popular, trade publications, 693–94

scientific writing, lab reports, 662–64

“Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: A Hell of a Ride” (Akana), 353–54, 356–67, 391, 396–97, 399–400

scratch outlines, 156, 510–11, 530

screen shots, as visual, 357, 367–68, 396–97, 650

searches

broadening, 675

Internet research, 681

and keywords. See keywords

library versus Google, 678

narrowing, 675, 679, 680

online catalogs, guidelines for, 676–77

periodical databases, guidelines for, 678–79

search engines, 681

secondary sources. See also Internet research; library research

quotation from, APA style documentation, 741

quotation from, MLA style documentation, 713

types of, 674, 698

second person, H-99

“Secret Latina, The” (Chambers)

sections of books, numerals for, H-78

self-discovery, remembered event essays, 57

semicolons, H-57–59

appositives, setting off with, H-59

comma splices, correcting, 291, H-6

fused sentences, correcting, H-8

incorrect use, H-59

independent clauses, joining with, 291, H-57–58

items in series, separating with, H-58

before transitional expressions, H-58

unnecessary with independent clauses, H-59

senses, in field research, 95

sensory description

dominant impression, creating, 583

forms of, 578–83

sensual/sensuous, H-114

sentence errors

comma splices, 291, H-5–6

dangling modifiers, 108, H-35–36

fused sentences, H-7–8

misplaced modifiers, H-35

mixed constructions, 167–68, H-36–38

sentence fragments, 291, H-8–9

shifts, H-30–33

words, missing, H-27–28

sentence fragments, H-8–9

correcting, 291, H-8–9

intentional, H-9

in introduction to quotations, 704

sentence outlines, 512–13

sentences and sentence structure, H-10–28, H-96–111

capitalization, H-75

combinations, H-98

combining sentences for readability, 398–99

complex sentences, H-98

compound-complex sentences, H-98

compound sentences, 290, H-98

concise sentences, 49–50, H-43–46

coordination and subordination, H-41–42

elements of. See parts of speech

errors related to. See sentence errors

modifiers, H-34–36

noun agreement, H-33–34

parallelism, H-40–41

parts of speech, H-99–111

quotations, questions, thoughts, integrating, H-38–40

sentence structure repetition, 554

sentence units, H-96–97

simple sentences, H-96–98

word choice, H-43–50

words, phrases, clauses in, H-96

sentence strategies

absolute phrases, use of, H-11, H-52

appositives, use of, 159

because sentences, 483

for cause-effect, 425–26

classification and classifying, 599–600

colon, to introduce quotation, 205

combining sentences, 398–99

comparing and contrasting, 355–56, 606–7

comparisons, complete, 397–98

for concession, 302, 340, 407–8, 624–25

concession followed by refutation, 248–49, 625

for descriptions, 584–85

examples in parallel form, 408–9

for narration, 572–73

quotations, integrating into essay. See quotations, integrating

quotations, introducing with colon, 205

for reframing, 406

for refutation, 303, 339–40, 408, 623–24

rhetorical questions, 201

sentence definitions, 587

short quotations, in analysis of stories, 481–82

for thesis statements, 442

time transitions and verb tenses, 38

sequels, of literary works, 471

sequenced comparisons, 602–3

series, book in, MLA style documentation, 719

series of items. See items in a series

service experience, 781–85

information gathering from, 782

topics for essay, 781–82

writing about, types of essays, 783–84

writing for service organization, 784–85

set/sit, H-114–15

settings of stories

analyzing, 476

defined, 457

“Sex for Tuition” (Fendrich)

Sexton, Chris, “Virtual Reality”

shifts, H-30–33

ships, names, italics for, H-79

short stories, titles, quotation marks for, H-65

should of/would of/could of, H-113

showing

in profiles, 72, 73

in remembered event essays, 21–22, 41–42

“Shyness: Evolutionary Tactic?” (Cain), 120–21, 142–48

[sic] “so,” in quotations, H-69

sight and seeing, visual descriptions, 578–79

sight/cite/site, H-112–13

signal phrase

APA style documentation, author indicated in signal phrase, 740

with sources, 160, 355, 699, 709, 739

significance

autobiographical, writing strategies for, 13, 21–22, 31, 42–43

defined, 11

of work, explaining in essay exams, 755–56

similes, H-48

comparing with, 30–31, 72, 536, 577–78

defined, 536

examples, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 536

in profiles, 72

in remembered event essays, 30–31

simple sentences

sentence units of, H-96–97

types of, H-97–98

singular forms

collective nouns, H-23, H-99

consistent use, H-12–13

and noun agreement, H-33–34

site/sight/cite, H-112–13

slang

avoiding, H-49

quotation marks, avoiding, H-65

slanting, 249, 621

Web sites, determining slant, 694, 695–96

slashes, 705, H-70

Slate, “What Extremely Walkable and Unwalkable Neighborhoods Look Like”

slides, 433, 774–75

slippery slope, 621

smell, olfactory descriptions, 580–81

sob story, 621

social context, and analysis of visuals, 629, 633

social networking sites

evaluations on, 380

as research source, 682

for surveys, 687

social sciences, documentation style. See APA style

software

APA style documentation, 748

MLA style documentation, 730

“Sole Survivor: The Woman Who Fell to Earth” (Williams)

Solove, Daniel J., “Why Privacy Matters Even If You Have ‘Nothing to Hide,’” 245–46, 266–72

solutions, proposing. See proposals for solutions

songs, titles, quotation marks for, H-65

sort of/kind of, noun agreement with, H-33–34

source citations, Latin terms used, H-80

sources, 690–708

acknowledging, criteria for, 698–99

bias, identifying, 692

citing and type of writing, 121–22

claims, supporting with, 700–701

common knowledge, handling, 698

credibility of, 133–34, 159

documentation style manuals for, 710, 739

documentation styles. See APA style; MLA style

editorial slant of publisher, 694, 695

examining for potential use, 690–91

finding. See Internet research; library research; research

formal and informal citation, 615

information, introducing with descriptive verbs, 160

integrating

explanations of concepts, 121–22, 141, 147–48, 157, 166, 169–70

position arguments, 281–82

signal phrases for, 160, 355, 699, 709, 739

online, documenting, 680, 699

paraphrasing, 706–8

plagiarism. See plagiarism, avoiding

quotations, 701–6

quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing as choices, criteria for, 701

relevant, choosing, 690–91

reliability, criteria for, 692–94

scholarly, popular, trade types, 693–94

for speculation about cause, 441

summarizing, 708

synthesizing, 697–98

variety of, benefits of use, 441

for visuals, citing, 650

spacing

before and after punctuation marks, H-76–77

between words and punctuation marks, H-77

spatial relationships, transitions (words or phrases) for, 557–58

speaker tags

commas with, 96, 108

in dialogue, 25, 39, 50

in quotations, 95–96

words used for, 95–96, 108

specialized encyclopedias, 669–70

special library collections, catalogs, online, 677

spectator

describing as, 584–85

pros/cons of role, 97–98

writers as, 63, 73, 79–80, 97–98, 102

speculation about cause, 402–56

design elements, visuals, informative, 431, 433, 450–51

drafting, 436–46

alternative causes, addressing, 444

causal analysis, 439

causes, classifying, 439

concessions, 444

drafting essay, 446

ideas into words, Ways In, 438

opening sentences, 446

outline, 445

purpose and audience, clarifying, 438–39

reader’s knowledge, anticipating, 438

reader’s objections, anticipating, 442–44

refutation, 444

sources, variety of, 441

subject, choosing, 436–37

testing topic with others, 437

thesis statement, working, 441–42

evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 446–48

genre

alternative forms, 433

features of, 405–9

practicing with group, 404

reflecting on, 455–56

Guide to Reading

audience and purpose, 405

connections, making, 418–19, 423–24, 430–31

“Fitness Culture, The” (McClain), 406–14, 441–42, 450–51, 453–54

“Gorge-Yourself Environment, The” (Goode), 406, 408, 426–31, 441–42

“Telescope Effect, The” (Vedantam), 406–7, 415–21, 442

topics for essays, considering, 421, 426, 432

“Why We Crave Horror Movies” (King), 406–7, 422–26, 442

Guide to Writing, 434–35

learning, reflecting on, 455–56

research, 437, 443

field research, 440

statistics, sources of, 440

revising draft, 448–52

numbers, conventions for, 451–52

reason is because, correcting, 452

Troubleshooting Guide, 449–50

Thinking Critically about, 455–56

Writer at Work (Sheila McClain), 453–54

writing situations

about service experience, 784

college courses, 402, 436

community, 403, 436

workplace, 403, 436–37

writing strategies

anecdotes, use of, 419–20

causal analysis, 406–7, 420, 424–25, 434–35, 453–54

cause-effect sentence strategies, 425–26

causes and analyses, table of, 453–54

chronological relationship, 407, 426

comparisons, use of, 424–25

concession-refutation move, 407–8

counterexamples, 420–21

credible sources, 420, 431–32, 441

examples, use of, 408–9, 424–25, 431

forecasting statements, 408, 432

graphs and charts, use of, 431, 433, 450–51

key terms, repetition of, 408, 432

logical fallacy, avoiding, 407

multiple causes, presenting, 406–7

obvious causes, dismissing, 425

organization, logical, 408–9, 421–22, 425, 432, 435

parallel form, 408–9

reader’s objections, anticipating, 407–8, 435

reframing subject, 406, 424

refutation, 408, 420–21

rhetorical questions, 421

statistics, presenting, 405–6

subject, well-presented, 405–6, 419–20, 424, 431, 434

supporting evidence, 406–7, 420, 431–32

thesis statement, 408

transitions (words or phrases) for, 63

“why” question, posing, 406

spell-checkers, missed errors, 108, 212, 346, 451, H-76

spelling, H-81–85

commonly misspelled words, H-84–85

errors, catching, tips for, H-81

plurals, forming, H-82–83

prefixes and suffixes, rules for adding, H-81–82

rules, H-82–83

U.S. English versus Canadian and British English, H-83

words sounding like other words, H-83–84

split infinitives, H-36

statements

colons to introduce, H-60–61

dashes for emphasis, H-62

stationary/stationery, H-115

Statistical Abstract of the United States, 440

statistics

believability, testing for, 540–41

credibility of, 336

existence and seriousness of problem, establishing with, 334–36

finding, sources for, 336, 440, 679

forms of, 335

in position arguments, 264, 285

in proposals for solutions, 300–301, 326–27, 335–36

in speculation about cause, 405–6, 440

supporting position with, 613

Statsky, Jessica

“Children Need to Play, Not Compete,” 247–55, 259, 263, 281–82, 285, 292–94

Writer at Work, 292–94

stereotypes, avoiding in wording, H-50

“Sticks and Stones and Sports Team Names” (Estrada), 255–60, 285

stipulative definitions, 591–92

stories

analyzing. See stories, analysis of

elements of, 457

remembered events. See remembered event essays

stories, analysis of, 457–95

design elements

document formatting, 488

visuals, use of, 488

drafting, 473–84

analysis, guidelines for, 475–79

annotating story, 475, 491–92

arguable thesis, developing, 479–81

because sentences in, 483

characters in stories, 475

drafting essay, 484

funnel paragraphs, avoiding, 483–84

historical context, exploring, 476, 482, 488

ideas, listing, 478–79, 493

ideas into words, Ways In, 475–78

key terms, repetition of, 482

opening sentences, 483–84

outline, 483

patterns in story, examining, 492–93

plot of stories, 476–77

point of view, 477

quotations, paraphrasing, summarizing, 481–82

settings of stories, 476

story for analysis, finding, 473–74

story for analysis, testing, 479

supporting evidence, 481–83

theme of stories, 478

thesis statement, working, 479–81

evaluating draft, Critical Reading Guide, 484–86

genre

alternative forms of, 471

features of, 459–63

practicing with group, 458

reflecting on, 494–95

Guide to Reading

“Araby” (Joyce), 497–501

audience and purpose, 459

“For Heaven’s Sake!” (Wright), 460–62, 466–70, 479–82, 491–93

“Girl” (Kincaid), 504–5

“Performing a Doctor’s Duty” (Lee), 460–61, 463–66, 479, 482

“Story of an Hour, The” (Chopin), 495–97

“Use of Force, The” (Williams), 501–3

Guide to Writing, 472–73

learning, reflecting on, 494

research, sources for, 482–83

revising draft, 486–90

ellipsis marks, correct use of, 489–90

parallelism, checking for, 488–89

Troubleshooting Guide, 487–88

Thinking Critically about, 494–95

Writer at Work (Isabella Wright), 491–93

writing situations

college courses, 473

community, 474

workplace, 474

writing strategies

arguable thesis, 460–61, 469–70, 472

argument, well-supported, 461–62, 470, 472

forecasting statement, 460

historical context, exploring, 460

key terms, repetition of, 460, 462, 470

organization, logical, 462–63, 470, 473

quotations, paraphrasing, summarizing, 461–62, 470

supporting evidence, 461–62, 470, 472

textual evidence, 461–62, 470

thesis statement, 459–60, 469–70

topic sentences, 462–63, 470

transitions (words or phrases), 460, 462–63

words and language, analysis of, 461

“Story of an Hour, The” (Chopin), 471, 495–97,

“‘Story of an Hour’ by Kate Chopin, ‘The’” (George, Pateer, Williams), 471,

straw man fallacy, 249, 621

streamed video, MLA style documentation, 724

stream of consciousness

defined, 21

remembered event essays, 21–22

styles, descriptions of, 25–26

subheadings

as cueing strategy, 558–59

versus headings, 644

subject complements

adjectives as, H-26, H-101

defined, H-97

and linking verbs, H-26, H-97, H-102

noun clause as, H-109

and pronoun case, H-16–17

and subject-verb agreement, H-25

subject directories, online, 681

subject for writing. See topics for essays

subject headings, library catalogs, 676

subjective pronoun case, H-17, H-99

subject of sentence

commas, unnecessary, H-55

complements. See subject complements

compound. See compound subjects

defined, H-96

inverted, H-23

missing, sentence fragment, H-9

mixed constructions, avoiding, 168, H-37

noun clause as, H-109

subject-verb agreement, H-22–25

who as, H-15–16

subject search, 676–78

subject-specific periodical databases, 678

subject-verb agreement, H-22–25

subjunctive mood, H-21, H-107

subordinate clauses. See dependent (subordinate) clauses

subordinating conjunctions

with adverb clauses, H-109

and clauses, H-7, H-9, H-107

commas, unnecessary, H-57

comma splices, correcting, H-5

fused sentences, correcting, H-7

subordination in sentences, H-42

subtitles, capitalization in, H-75

suffixes, adding, rules for, H-81–82

summaries and summarizing

coherence, example of, 708

in common ground essays, 176–77

criteria for use, 701

defined, 12, 532, 708

and dialogue, 12, 39

in essay exams, 755

in evaluations, 355, 379

example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 533

in explanations of concepts, 122, 141, 157

in oral presentations, 774

outline for, 532

in position arguments, 281–82

in profiles, 62, 84–85

as reading strategy, 521

in remembered event essays, 12

of source material, 708

in stories, analysis of, 462, 470

survey results, 689

summarized dialogue, 567–68

superlative form, H-26

supporting evidence, 611–17

anecdotes as, 615–16

authority or expert information as, 614–15

in evaluations, 354–55, 366–67, 389

examples as, 612

in position arguments, 247, 264, 281–82

in proposals for solutions, 300–301, 320, 326–27

in speculation about cause, 406–7, 420, 431–32

statistics as, 613

in stories, analysis of, 461–62, 470, 472, 481–83

textual evidence as, 461, 616–17

types of, 389, 461–62, 611–17

SurveyMonkey, 687

surveys, 686–89

administering, 687–89

design elements, 687

effective, designing, 686–87

focus of, 686

online services for conducting, 687

proposals for solutions, 334

questions, types of, 687, 688

testing, 687

write-up, 689

syllables, end of line word division, H-74

symbolism

analysis in stories, 461

defined, 536

examples, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 536

symbols, numerals in, H-78

synonyms

as cohesive device, 140, 553–54

in common ground essays, 178

defined, 553

in explanations of concepts, 140

in position arguments, 259

synthesizing

defined, 533, 697

in essay exams, 757–58

example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 534

as reading strategy, 521

source information, 697–98