Index S
said, as speaker tag, 108
Samson, Betsy
Writer at Work, 213–15
Satel, Sally, “Yuan a Kidney?,” 234–36
scanning, printed sources, 673
scene, and analysis of visuals, 628, 632
schedule
for profiles, information gathering, 92
for research paper, 668–69
scholarly projects, online, MLA style documentation, 728–29
scholarly sources. See also periodicals and periodical articles
features of, 693–94
journal content, typical, 694
MLA style documentation, 721–23
versus popular, trade publications, 693–94
scientific writing, lab reports, 662–64
scratch outlines, 156, 510–11, 530
searches
broadening, 675
Internet research, 681
and keywords. See keywords
library versus Google, 678
online catalogs, guidelines for, 676–77
periodical databases, guidelines for, 678–79
search engines, 681
secondary sources. See also Internet research; library research
quotation from, APA style documentation, 741
quotation from, MLA style documentation, 713
types of, 674, 698
second person, H-99
“Secret Latina, The” (Chambers) 
sections of books, numerals for, H-78
self-discovery, remembered event essays, 57
semicolons, H-57–59
appositives, setting off with, H-59
fused sentences, correcting, H-8
incorrect use, H-59
independent clauses, joining with, 291, H-57–58
items in series, separating with, H-58
before transitional expressions, H-58
unnecessary with independent clauses, H-59
senses, in field research, 95
sensory description
dominant impression, creating, 583
forms of, 578–83
sensual/sensuous, H-114
sentence errors
dangling modifiers, 108, H-35–36
fused sentences, H-7–8
misplaced modifiers, H-35
mixed constructions, 167–68, H-36–38
shifts, H-30–33
words, missing, H-27–28
sentence fragments, H-8–9
intentional, H-9
in introduction to quotations, 704
sentence outlines, 512–13
sentences and sentence structure, H-10–28, H-96–111
capitalization, H-75
combinations, H-98
combining sentences for readability, 398–99
complex sentences, H-98
compound-complex sentences, H-98
concise sentences, 49–50, H-43–46
coordination and subordination, H-41–42
elements of. See parts of speech
errors related to. See sentence errors
modifiers, H-34–36
noun agreement, H-33–34
parallelism, H-40–41
parts of speech, H-99–111
quotations, questions, thoughts, integrating, H-38–40
sentence structure repetition, 554
sentence units, H-96–97
simple sentences, H-96–98
word choice, H-43–50
words, phrases, clauses in, H-96
sentence strategies
absolute phrases, use of, H-11, H-52
appositives, use of, 159
because sentences, 483
for cause-effect, 425–26
classification and classifying, 599–600
colon, to introduce quotation, 205
combining sentences, 398–99
comparisons, complete, 397–98
for concession, 302, 340, 407–8, 624–25
concession followed by refutation, 248–49, 625
for descriptions, 584–85
examples in parallel form, 408–9
for narration, 572–73
quotations, integrating into essay. See quotations, integrating
quotations, introducing with colon, 205
for reframing, 406
rhetorical questions, 201
sentence definitions, 587
short quotations, in analysis of stories, 481–82
for thesis statements, 442
time transitions and verb tenses, 38
sequels, of literary works, 471
sequenced comparisons, 602–3
series, book in, MLA style documentation, 719
series of items. See items in a series
service experience, 781–85
information gathering from, 782
topics for essay, 781–82
writing about, types of essays, 783–84
writing for service organization, 784–85
set/sit, H-114–15
settings of stories
analyzing, 476
defined, 457
“Sex for Tuition” (Fendrich)
Sexton, Chris, “Virtual Reality”
shifts, H-30–33
ships, names, italics for, H-79
short stories, titles, quotation marks for, H-65
should of/would of/could of, H-113
showing
in profiles, 72, 73
in remembered event essays, 21–22, 41–42
“Shyness: Evolutionary Tactic?” (Cain), 120–21, 142–48
[sic] “so,” in quotations, H-69
sight and seeing, visual descriptions, 578–79
sight/cite/site, H-112–13
signal phrase
APA style documentation, author indicated in signal phrase, 740
significance
defined, 11
of work, explaining in essay exams, 755–56
similes, H-48
defined, 536
examples, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 536
in profiles, 72
in remembered event essays, 30–31
simple sentences
sentence units of, H-96–97
types of, H-97–98
singular forms
collective nouns, H-23, H-99
consistent use, H-12–13
and noun agreement, H-33–34
site/sight/cite, H-112–13
slang
avoiding, H-49
quotation marks, avoiding, H-65
Slate, “What Extremely Walkable and Unwalkable Neighborhoods Look Like”
slides, 433, 774–75
slippery slope, 621
smell, olfactory descriptions, 580–81
sob story, 621
social networking sites
evaluations on, 380
as research source, 682
for surveys, 687
social sciences, documentation style. See APA style
software
APA style documentation, 748
MLA style documentation, 730
“Sole Survivor: The Woman Who Fell to Earth” (Williams)
solutions, proposing. See proposals for solutions
songs, titles, quotation marks for, H-65
sort of/kind of, noun agreement with, H-33–34
source citations, Latin terms used, H-80
sources, 690–708
acknowledging, criteria for, 698–99
bias, identifying, 692
citing and type of writing, 121–22
claims, supporting with, 700–701
common knowledge, handling, 698
credibility of, 133–34, 159
documentation styles. See APA style; MLA style
examining for potential use, 690–91
finding. See Internet research; library research; research
formal and informal citation, 615
information, introducing with descriptive verbs, 160
integrating
explanations of concepts, 121–22, 141, 147–48, 157, 166, 169–70
position arguments, 281–82
online, documenting, 680, 699
paraphrasing, 706–8
plagiarism. See plagiarism, avoiding
quotations, 701–6
quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing as choices, criteria for, 701
relevant, choosing, 690–91
reliability, criteria for, 692–94
scholarly, popular, trade types, 693–94
for speculation about cause, 441
summarizing, 708
synthesizing, 697–98
variety of, benefits of use, 441
for visuals, citing, 650
spacing
before and after punctuation marks, H-76–77
between words and punctuation marks, H-77
spatial relationships, transitions (words or phrases) for, 557–58
speaker tags
commas with, 96, 108
in quotations, 95–96
words used for, 95–96, 108
specialized encyclopedias, 669–70
special library collections, catalogs, online, 677
spectator
describing as, 584–85
pros/cons of role, 97–98
speculation about cause, 402–56
design elements, visuals, informative, 431, 433, 450–51
drafting, 436–46
alternative causes, addressing, 444
causal analysis, 439
causes, classifying, 439
concessions, 444
drafting essay, 446
ideas into words, Ways In, 438
opening sentences, 446
outline, 445
purpose and audience, clarifying, 438–39
reader’s knowledge, anticipating, 438
reader’s objections, anticipating, 442–44
refutation, 444
sources, variety of, 441
subject, choosing, 436–37
testing topic with others, 437
thesis statement, working, 441–42
evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 446–48
genre
alternative forms, 433
features of, 405–9
practicing with group, 404
reflecting on, 455–56
Guide to Reading
audience and purpose, 405
Guide to Writing, 434–35
learning, reflecting on, 455–56
research, 437, 443
field research, 440
statistics, sources of, 440
revising draft, 448–52
numbers, conventions for, 451–52
reason is because, correcting, 452
Troubleshooting Guide, 449–50
Thinking Critically about, 455–56
Writer at Work (Sheila McClain), 453–54
writing situations
about service experience, 784
college courses, 402, 436
writing strategies
anecdotes, use of, 419–20
cause-effect sentence strategies, 425–26
causes and analyses, table of, 453–54
comparisons, use of, 424–25
concession-refutation move, 407–8
counterexamples, 420–21
examples, use of, 408–9, 424–25, 431
forecasting statements, 408, 432
graphs and charts, use of, 431, 433, 450–51
key terms, repetition of, 408, 432
logical fallacy, avoiding, 407
multiple causes, presenting, 406–7
obvious causes, dismissing, 425
parallel form, 408–9
refutation, 408, 420–21
rhetorical questions, 421
statistics, presenting, 405–6
thesis statement, 408
transitions (words or phrases) for, 63
“why” question, posing, 406
spelling, H-81–85
commonly misspelled words, H-84–85
errors, catching, tips for, H-81
plurals, forming, H-82–83
prefixes and suffixes, rules for adding, H-81–82
rules, H-82–83
U.S. English versus Canadian and British English, H-83
words sounding like other words, H-83–84
split infinitives, H-36
statements
colons to introduce, H-60–61
dashes for emphasis, H-62
stationary/stationery, H-115
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 440
statistics
believability, testing for, 540–41
credibility of, 336
existence and seriousness of problem, establishing with, 334–36
forms of, 335
supporting position with, 613
Statsky, Jessica
Writer at Work, 292–94
stereotypes, avoiding in wording, H-50
stipulative definitions, 591–92
stories
analyzing. See stories, analysis of
elements of, 457
remembered events. See remembered event essays
stories, analysis of, 457–95
design elements
document formatting, 488
visuals, use of, 488
drafting, 473–84
analysis, guidelines for, 475–79
arguable thesis, developing, 479–81
because sentences in, 483
characters in stories, 475
drafting essay, 484
funnel paragraphs, avoiding, 483–84
ideas into words, Ways In, 475–78
key terms, repetition of, 482
opening sentences, 483–84
outline, 483
patterns in story, examining, 492–93
plot of stories, 476–77
point of view, 477
quotations, paraphrasing, summarizing, 481–82
settings of stories, 476
story for analysis, finding, 473–74
story for analysis, testing, 479
supporting evidence, 481–83
theme of stories, 478
thesis statement, working, 479–81
evaluating draft, Critical Reading Guide, 484–86
genre
alternative forms of, 471
features of, 459–63
practicing with group, 458
reflecting on, 494–95
Guide to Reading
“Araby” (Joyce), 497–501
audience and purpose, 459
“Girl” (Kincaid), 504–5
“Story of an Hour, The” (Chopin), 495–97
“Use of Force, The” (Williams), 501–3
Guide to Writing, 472–73
learning, reflecting on, 494
research, sources for, 482–83
revising draft, 486–90
ellipsis marks, correct use of, 489–90
parallelism, checking for, 488–89
Troubleshooting Guide, 487–88
Thinking Critically about, 494–95
Writer at Work (Isabella Wright), 491–93
writing situations
college courses, 473
community, 474
workplace, 474
writing strategies
forecasting statement, 460
historical context, exploring, 460
quotations, paraphrasing, summarizing, 461–62, 470
words and language, analysis of, 461
“Story of an Hour, The” (Chopin), 471, 495–97,
“‘Story of an Hour’ by Kate Chopin, ‘The’” (George, Pateer, Williams), 471,
streamed video, MLA style documentation, 724
stream of consciousness
defined, 21
remembered event essays, 21–22
styles, descriptions of, 25–26
subheadings
as cueing strategy, 558–59
versus headings, 644
subject complements
adjectives as, H-26, H-101
defined, H-97
noun clause as, H-109
and pronoun case, H-16–17
and subject-verb agreement, H-25
subject directories, online, 681
subject for writing. See topics for essays
subject headings, library catalogs, 676
subjective pronoun case, H-17, H-99
subject of sentence
commas, unnecessary, H-55
complements. See subject complements
compound. See compound subjects
defined, H-96
inverted, H-23
missing, sentence fragment, H-9
mixed constructions, avoiding, 168, H-37
noun clause as, H-109
subject-verb agreement, H-22–25
who as, H-15–16
subject search, 676–78
subject-specific periodical databases, 678
subject-verb agreement, H-22–25
subjunctive mood, H-21, H-107
subordinate clauses. See dependent (subordinate) clauses
subordinating conjunctions
with adverb clauses, H-109
commas, unnecessary, H-57
comma splices, correcting, H-5
fused sentences, correcting, H-7
subordination in sentences, H-42
subtitles, capitalization in, H-75
suffixes, adding, rules for, H-81–82
summaries and summarizing
coherence, example of, 708
in common ground essays, 176–77
criteria for use, 701
in essay exams, 755
in evaluations, 355, 379
example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 533
in explanations of concepts, 122, 141, 157
in oral presentations, 774
outline for, 532
in position arguments, 281–82
in profiles, 62, 84–85
as reading strategy, 521
in remembered event essays, 12
of source material, 708
survey results, 689
summarized dialogue, 567–68
superlative form, H-26
supporting evidence, 611–17
anecdotes as, 615–16
authority or expert information as, 614–15
examples as, 612
in proposals for solutions, 300–301, 320, 326–27
statistics as, 613
SurveyMonkey, 687
surveys, 686–89
administering, 687–89
design elements, 687
effective, designing, 686–87
focus of, 686
online services for conducting, 687
proposals for solutions, 334
questions, types of, 687, 688
testing, 687
write-up, 689
syllables, end of line word division, H-74
symbolism
analysis in stories, 461
defined, 536
examples, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 536
symbols, numerals in, H-78
synonyms
as cohesive device, 140, 553–54
in common ground essays, 178
defined, 553
in explanations of concepts, 140
in position arguments, 259
synthesizing
in essay exams, 757–58
example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 534
as reading strategy, 521
source information, 697–98