page numbers, numerals for, H–78

pamphlets

MLA style documentation, 720

titles, italics for, H-78

paragraphing, 548–52

cues in paragraphs, 548–49

indentation, 548

topic sentences, 549–52

parallelism

in comparisons, 398

examples, presenting with, 408–9

in sentences, H-40–41

in sentences, checking for, 488–89

paraphrasing, 706–8

acceptable/unacceptable, examples, 707–8

in common ground essays, 176–77

criteria for use, 701, 706

defined, 12, 531, 706

in dialogue, 12, 39

in evaluations, 355, 379

example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 531–32

in explanations of concepts, 121, 141, 157, 169–70

key terms, repetition in, 482

neutral language, use of, 532

in position arguments, 281–82

in profiles, 62, 84–85

as reading strategy, 521

referring to with this, these, they, 482

in remembered event essays, 12

in stories, analysis of, 462, 470, 482

parentheses, H-68–69

additions to sentences, enclosing, H-68

incorrect use, H-68–69

other punctuation with, H-68–69

parenthetical citations. See APA style, in-text citations; MLA style, in-text citations

parenthetical expressions, commas to set off, H-52

parodies, of literary works, 471

participant observers

describing as, 584–85

pros/cons of role, 97–98

writers as, 63, 73, 79–80, 85–86, 97–98, 102

participial phrases

commas with, H-53

as dangling modifier, 108, H-35

functions in sentence, H-110

integrating into sentences, 108

nonrestrictive, H-53

restrictive, H-53

participles. See also past participle; present participle

forming, 51, H-20, H-103

multilingual writers, troublespots, H-26, H-95

particles, H-46

parts of speech, H-99–111

adjectives, H-101

adverbs, H-101–2

articles, H-108

conjunctions, H-107–8

demonstratives, H-108

dependent clauses, H-108–9

interjections, H-108

nouns, H-99

phrases, H-109–11

prepositions, H-107

pronouns, H-99–100

verbs, H-101–6

passive voice

changing to active, 50, H-21–22, H-98

uses of, H-22, H-106

past participle

forming, 51, H-20, H-103

of irregular verbs, H-103–4

multilingual writers, troublespots, H-26

past perfect tense

forming, 51, H-19, H-105

multilingual writers, troublespots, 51

in remembered event essays, 50–51

past tense

APA style, H-19

forming, H-20, H-103, H-105

of irregular verbs, H-103–4

for time transitions, 564–66

pathos, defined, 247

patterns of opposition

defined, 537

example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 537–38

finding, as reading strategy, 521, 537–38

Patzer, Lacey, “‘Story of an Hour’ by Kate Chopin, ‘The,’” 471,

PDF format, database articles in, 440, 678

peer collaboration. See collaborative activities

peer review

critical reading. See Critical Reading Guide

peer-reviewed research, 264

people

and analysis of visuals, 628, 632

appositives, use with, 159

descriptions of, 12–13, 20–21, 40–41, 61–62

detailing, 576

profiling. See profiles

percentages

numerals in, 498–99, H-78

in statistical information, 335–36

perfect tense, forming, H-105–6

performances, MLA style documentation, 726

“Performing a Doctor’s Duty” (Lee), 460–61, 463–66, 479, 482

periodical databases, 677–79

APA style documentation, 745–46

full-text articles file formats, 678

functions of, 677

MLA style documentation, 715, 721–24

for newspapers, 678

online, examples of, 678

online reference database services, 153, 195, 202, 280, 339, 389, 678

searching, guidelines for, 678–79

sources, types contained in, 674

periodicals and periodical articles

catalogs, online, 675–77

documentation style for. See APA style; MLA style

examples of, 677

general and subject-specific, 678

journals compared to magazines, 693–94

library research. See periodical databases

title of periodical, italics for, H-78

titles of articles, quotation marks for, H-65

periods

with quotation marks, 107, H-63–64

use of, H-70

persecute/prosecute, H-114

person

personal pronouns, H-99

pronoun agreement, H-12

shifts in, H-31

subject-verb agreement, H-22

verb endings, H-20

personal attacks, 249, 621

personal development, and writing, 3–4

personal pronouns

case forms, H-99

persons, H-99

possessive form, H-67

relative pronouns, H-14–16, H-100

perspective on subjects

defined, 63

in profiles, 63, 73–74, 80, 84, 86, 89, 94, 98–100, 103, 106

Pew Research Center, 440, 441

photocopying, printed sources, 673

photographs

Documenting America sample analysis, 629–38

observations/interviews, 94

for profiles, 64, 81, 94, 97

for remembered event essays, 40

uses of, 649

phrasal verbs, multilingual writers, troublespots, H-46

phrases, H-109–11

absolute, H-52, H-111

appositive, 398–99, H-110

comma splices, correcting, H-6

constructing from clauses, H-36

defined, H-96, H-109

fused sentences, correcting, H-8

gerund, H-110

infinitive, H-110–11

interrupting, 212

introductory, comma after, H-51

modifying, H-6, H-8, H-35–36

participial, 108–9, H-35

prepositional, H-35, H-44, H-57, H-109–10

and sentence structure, H-96

and subordination, H-42

verbal, 398–99, H-102

wordy, eliminating, H-44–45

pie charts

position arguments, 289–90

proposals for solutions, 345

speculation about cause, 433

uses of, 648

places, descriptions of, 12–13, 20–21, 29–30, 40–41

plagiarism, avoiding

Internet research, 699

and paraphrasing, 707–8

sources, acknowledging, 699

planning and drafting. See drafting under specific types of essays; for example, remembered event essays

plays

MLA style documentation, 712

titles, italics for, H-78

plot of stories

analyzing, 476–77

defined, 457

plurals

apostrophe for, H-67

consistent use, H-12–13

forming, rules for, H-82–83

as gender-free form, H-49

noun agreement, H-33–34

pronoun agreement, H-12

proper names, H-82–83

podcasts

for explanations of concepts, 149

MLA style documentation, 726

poetry

MLA style documentation, 712

quotes from, integrating into essays, 705

slashes to show lines, 705, H-70

titles, italics for, H-78

titles, quotation marks for, H-65

point of view, stories, analysis of, 477

points, font style and size, 643

Pope-Sussman, Raphael, “Let’s Abolish This Modern-Day Coalmine”

popular sources

features of, 693–94

versus scholarly journals, 694

portfolios. See writing portfolios

position

arguing for. See position arguments

opposing, presenting. See common ground essays

sentence strategies for, 622–23

position arguments, 242–95

design elements

graphics, using, 289–90

visual/audio, types of, 285

drafting, 276–86

authority or expert information, using, 281

essay, 286

framing issue, 277–78

ideas into words, Ways In, 278

opening sentences, 285–86

organization, logical, 276, 284

outline, 284

plausible and implausible reasons, addressing, 293–94

plausible reasons, developing, 280

purpose and audience, clarifying, 278–79

quotations, paraphrasing, summarizing, 281–82

reader’s objections, anticipating, 282–84

reasons, presenting, 280, 282

refutation/concession, 282–84

statistics, use of, 285

supporting evidence, 281–82

testing topic with others, 277

thesis statement, working, 279

topic (issue), choosing, 276–77

writer’s position, support for, 281–82

evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 286–87

genre

features of, 245–49

media alternatives for, 273

practicing with group, 244

reflecting on, 295

Guide to Reading, 245–73

audience and purpose, 245

“Children Need to Play, Not Compete” (Statsky), 247–55, 259, 263, 281–82, 285, 292–94

connections, making, 257, 263, 269–70

logical fallacies, checking for, 249

“Sticks and Stones and Sports Team Names” (Estrada), 255–60, 285

topics for essays, considering, 260, 265, 272

“Why Privacy Matters Even If You Have ‘Nothing to Hide’” (Solove), 245–46, 266–72

“Working at McDonald’s” (Etzioni), 249, 260–65, 285

Guide to Writing, 274–76

learning, reflecting on, 294–95

research

sources, types of, 280–81

statistics, source of, 264

revising draft, 286–92

conjunctive adverbs, comma splices, correcting, 291

coordinating conjunctions, commas before, 290–91

editing and proofreading, 290–92

tone, editing for, 290

Troubleshooting Guide, 288–89

Thinking Critically about, 294–95

Writer at Work (Jessica Statsky), 292–94

writing situation for

about service experience, 784

in college courses, 242, 276

community, 243, 277

workplace, 243, 277

writing strategies

anecdotes and examples, 258–59

appeals, 247–48

authority or expert information, using, 247, 264

cause and effect in, 271–72

contrast, using, 270

diverse audience, considering, 263, 292

focused/well-presented issue, 245–46, 258, 263, 270, 274, 293

forecasting statement, 247, 265

framing issue, 246, 258, 263, 270

hypothetical questions, 271

organization, logical, 249, 259, 272

reader’s objections, anticipating, 248, 292

reasons, presenting, 247, 249, 293–94

refutation/concession, 248–49, 259, 271, 275, 293–94

reinterpretation by writer, 264

statistics in, 264

supporting evidence, 247

thesis statements, 247, 249

transitions in, logical, 249, 265, 272

writer’s position, support for, 247–48, 258–59, 264, 271, 275

possessive form

apostrophes, H-66–67, H-99

indefinite pronouns, H-67

personal pronouns, H-67

possessive pronoun case, H-17, H-99

post hoc, ergo propter hoc, 407, 621

PowerPoint slides, 433, 774–75

predicate adjectives, H-97

predicate nominatives, H-97

predicates

commas, unnecessary, H-55

compound, H-55

defined, H-96

missing, sentence fragments, H-9

mixed constructions, avoiding, 168, H-37–38

preface

APA style documentation, 744

MLA style documentation, 719

prefixes

adding, rules for, H-81

hyphen, incorrect use, H-73

in proper nouns, H-73

prejudice/prejudiced, H-114

prepositional phrases

for action in writing, 20

commas, unnecessary, H-57

as dangling modifier, H-35

functions in sentence, H-109–10

reducing in sentences, H-44, H-57

prepositions

commas, unnecessary, H-57

exact, use of, H-47

missing in sentences, H-27

multilingual writers, troublespots, H-27, H-47, H-93

object of, H-16, H-107

preposition-object order, H-16

unnecessary in sentences, H-46

uses of, H-107

presentation software, 774–75

present participle

forming, H-20

multilingual writers, troublespots, H-26

present perfect tense, forming, H-105

present perspective, autobiographical significance, conveying, 13, 22, 43, 53–54

present tense

in academic writing, H-18–19, H-31

APA style, H-19

forming, H-18–19, H-105

for reference to literary work, 704

for time transitions, 565

pretentious language, avoiding, H-50

primary sources

defined, 674

information from. See field research

principal/principle, H-114

process narratives, 568–72

in explanations of concepts, 140, 158

explanatory, 568–71

instructional, 571–72

in profiles, 94

profiles, 58–115

design elements

photographs, 64, 81, 94

visual/audio, types of, 97

Web design, 106–7

drafting, 89–101

dominant impression, clarifying, 100

drafting essay, 101

ideas into words, Ways In, 92–95

information to include, 100

main point, including, 100

opening sentence, 101

organization, logical, 89

outline, 96–97

perspective on subject, developing, 98–100

purpose for writing, refining, 99–100

quotations, integrating into essay, 95–96

source information, including, 97

subject to profile, choosing, 90–91

testing topic with others, 90–91

writer, inclusion in piece, 97–98

evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 102–3

field research, 91–98

interview notes, 110–12

interviews, 60, 91–96

interview write-up, 112–14

observations, 91–98

schedule, 92

genre

basic features, 61–63

media alternatives for, 87, 106–7

practicing with group, 60

reflecting on, 115

Guide to Reading, 61–87

audience and purpose, 61

connections, making, 78, 84

features of genre, 61–63, 78–80

“Gringo in the Lettuce Fields, A” (Thompson), 62–63, 81–86

“I’m Not Leaving Until I Eat This Thing” (Edge), 69–74

“Last Stop, The” (Cable), 62–68, 73, 84, 86, 96, 100, 110–14

“Long Good-Bye: Mother’s Day in Federal Prison” (Coyne), 63, 74–80, 86

perspective on subject, 63, 73–74, 80, 84, 86, 89, 94, 103, 106

topics for essays, considering, 74, 80–81, 86

writer, role of, 63, 73, 79–80, 85–86, 89, 102

Guide to Writing, 88–89

learning, reflecting on, 114–15

revising draft, 103–9

for adjective order, 109

participial phrases, integrating, 108

quotations, checking punctuation, 96, 107–8

Troubleshooting Guide, 104–6

Thinking Critically about, 114–15

Writer at Work (Brian Cable), 110–14

writing situation for

about service experience, 783

college courses, 58, 106–7

community, 59, 74, 81, 84, 87, 90

workplace, 59

writing strategies

anecdotes, use of, 78

contrast and juxtaposition, 80

descriptions, 61–62, 72

dominant impression, creating, 63, 72, 100

figures of speech, use of, 72

interview write-up, 112–14

logical transitions, 63

organization, logical, 62–63, 72–73, 79, 85, 96, 102, 105

quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, 62, 84–85

showing, 72, 73

source information, including, 62, 84

subject, detailed information, presenting, 61–62, 72, 78, 84, 88, 102, 104

progressive tense

forming, H-19

multilingual writers, troublespots, H-19

pronoun agreement, inconsistencies, correcting, H-12–13

pronoun case, H-16–18, H-99

pronoun reference

as cohesive device, 140, 552–53

vague, correcting, 212–13, H-10–11

pronouns, H-99–100

as adjectives, H-101

adjectives as modifiers, H-26, H-101

case, H-16–18, H-99

as complements, H-97

demonstrative, H-100

gender-free forms, H-13, H-49–50

indefinite, H-13, H-24, H-67, H-100

interrogative, H-100

personal, H-67, H-99

reflexive, H-17, H-100

relative, H-14–16, H-100

proofreading. See editing and proofreading

proper nouns, H-99

capitalization, H-74

plurals of, H-82–83

prefixed, hyphen in, H-73

proposals for solutions, 296–349

design elements, graphics, using, 304, 322, 345

drafting, 331–41

alternative solutions, offering, 339–40

anecdotes and examples, 333

authority or expert information in, 336

drafting essay, 341

explaining solutions, 338–39

framing issue, 333–35

ideas into words, Ways In, 333–34

opening sentences, 341

organization, logical, 340–41

outline, 340

purpose and audience, considering, 333–34

reframing issue, 336–37

refutation/concession, 339–40

solution, developing, 337–38

statistics, use of, 335–36

testing topic with others, 332–33, 335

topic (problem), choosing, 332

evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 341–43

genre

basic features, 299–304

media alternatives for, 329

practicing with group, 298

reflecting on, 349

Guide to Reading, 299–329

connections, making, 298, 313–14, 320, 326

“Fighting Bullying with Babies” (Bornstein), 310–16

“More Testing, More Learning” (O’Malley), 299–300, 302–10, 314–15, 327, 345–48

“Ounces of Prevention—The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages” (Brownell and Frieden), 300–301, 316–22

purpose and audience, 299

topics for essays, considering, 316

“Win-Win Flexibility” (Kornbluh), 322–28, 335–36

Guide to Writing, 330–31

learning, reflecting on, 348–49

research, 338–39

databases for, 339

Internet research, 339

sources, types of, 339

statistics, source of, 336

revising draft, 341–46

agentless sentences, revising, 346

editing and proofreading, 345–46

this, that, ambiguous use, avoiding, 345–46

Troubleshooting Guide, 344

topics for essays, considering, 322, 328

Writer at Work (Patrick O’Malley), 347–48

writing situation for

about service experience, 784

college courses, 296, 332

community, 297, 332

workplace, 297, 332

writing strategies

alternative solutions, offering, 315

anecdotes and examples, 299–300

authority or expert information in, 300, 320

classification, 321

comparing and contrasting, 321

focused/well-defined problem, 299–300, 314–15, 320, 330, 342

framing issue, 299–300, 314

implementation of solution, offering, 302, 314–15, 327, 338–39

organization, logical, 303–4, 322, 328, 331, 343

proposed solution, 301–2, 314–15, 321, 327–28, 330–31, 342

reader’s objections, anticipating, 302, 315, 321, 327–28, 331, 342

reasons, presenting, 301

reframing issue, 340

refutation/concession, 302–3, 321, 339–40

rhetorical questions, 314

statistics, using, 300–301, 326–27

supporting evidence, 300–301, 320, 326–27, 335–36

thesis statement, 301

topic sentences, 303–4, 315–16

transitions (words or phrases) in, 303–4, 315

ProQuest Central, 678

ProQuest Newspapers, 678

PsycINFO, 678

public address, MLA style documentation, 724

public events, in remembered event essays, 22

public opinion polls, research sources, 440

public service announcements (PSA)

as position arguments, 273

proposals for solutions in, 329

visuals, analysis of, 627

punctuation and punctuation marks, H-51–71. See also individual punctuation marks

apostrophes, H-66–68

brackets, H-69

colons, H-59–61

commas, H-51–57

dashes, H-61–63

ellipsis marks, H-69–70

exclamation points, H-71

parentheses, H-68–69

periods, H-70

question marks, H-71

quotation marks, H-63–66

semicolons, H-57–59

slashes, H-70

spacing before and after, H-76–77

purpose for writing

common ground essays, 175, 204

and document design, 641–42

evaluations, 353, 386–87

explanations of concepts, 119, 154–55

motivations of writer, 11

position arguments, 245, 278–79

profiles, 61, 99–100

proposals for solutions, 299, 333–34

remembered event essays, 11, 13, 42, 54

speculation about cause, 405, 438–39

stories, analysis of, 459