Index P
page numbers, numerals for, H–78
pamphlets
MLA style documentation, 720
titles, italics for, H-78
paragraphing, 548–52
cues in paragraphs, 548–49
indentation, 548
topic sentences, 549–52
parallelism
in comparisons, 398
examples, presenting with, 408–9
in sentences, H-40–41
in sentences, checking for, 488–89
paraphrasing, 706–8
acceptable/unacceptable, examples, 707–8
in common ground essays, 176–77
in evaluations, 355, 379
example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 531–32
in explanations of concepts, 121, 141, 157, 169–70
key terms, repetition in, 482
neutral language, use of, 532
in position arguments, 281–82
in profiles, 62, 84–85
as reading strategy, 521
referring to with this, these, they, 482
in remembered event essays, 12
parentheses, H-68–69
additions to sentences, enclosing, H-68
incorrect use, H-68–69
other punctuation with, H-68–69
parenthetical citations. See APA style, in-text citations; MLA style, in-text citations
parenthetical expressions, commas to set off, H-52
parodies, of literary works, 471
participant observers
describing as, 584–85
pros/cons of role, 97–98
participial phrases
commas with, H-53
as dangling modifier, 108, H-35
functions in sentence, H-110
integrating into sentences, 108
nonrestrictive, H-53
restrictive, H-53
participles. See also past participle; present participle
multilingual writers, troublespots, H-26, H-95
particles, H-46
parts of speech, H-99–111
adjectives, H-101
adverbs, H-101–2
articles, H-108
conjunctions, H-107–8
demonstratives, H-108
dependent clauses, H-108–9
interjections, H-108
nouns, H-99
phrases, H-109–11
prepositions, H-107
pronouns, H-99–100
verbs, H-101–6
passive voice
uses of, H-22, H-106
past participle
of irregular verbs, H-103–4
multilingual writers, troublespots, H-26
past perfect tense
multilingual writers, troublespots, 51
in remembered event essays, 50–51
past tense
APA style, H-19
of irregular verbs, H-103–4
for time transitions, 564–66
pathos, defined, 247
patterns of opposition
defined, 537
example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 537–38
finding, as reading strategy, 521, 537–38
Patzer, Lacey, “‘Story of an Hour’ by Kate Chopin, ‘The,’” 471, 
peer collaboration. See collaborative activities
peer review
critical reading. See Critical Reading Guide
peer-reviewed research, 264
people
and analysis of visuals, 628, 632
appositives, use with, 159
detailing, 576
profiling. See profiles
percentages
numerals in, 498–99, H-78
in statistical information, 335–36
perfect tense, forming, H-105–6
performances, MLA style documentation, 726
periodical databases, 677–79
APA style documentation, 745–46
full-text articles file formats, 678
functions of, 677
for newspapers, 678
online, examples of, 678
searching, guidelines for, 678–79
sources, types contained in, 674
periodicals and periodical articles
catalogs, online, 675–77
documentation style for. See APA style; MLA style
examples of, 677
general and subject-specific, 678
journals compared to magazines, 693–94
library research. See periodical databases
title of periodical, italics for, H-78
titles of articles, quotation marks for, H-65
periods
with quotation marks, 107, H-63–64
use of, H-70
persecute/prosecute, H-114
person
personal pronouns, H-99
pronoun agreement, H-12
shifts in, H-31
subject-verb agreement, H-22
verb endings, H-20
personal development, and writing, 3–4
personal pronouns
case forms, H-99
persons, H-99
possessive form, H-67
relative pronouns, H-14–16, H-100
perspective on subjects
defined, 63
photocopying, printed sources, 673
photographs
Documenting America sample analysis, 629–38
observations/interviews, 94
for remembered event essays, 40
uses of, 649
phrasal verbs, multilingual writers, troublespots, H-46
phrases, H-109–11
comma splices, correcting, H-6
constructing from clauses, H-36
defined, H-96, H-109
fused sentences, correcting, H-8
gerund, H-110
infinitive, H-110–11
interrupting, 212
introductory, comma after, H-51
participial, 108–9, H-35
and sentence structure, H-96
and subordination, H-42
wordy, eliminating, H-44–45
pie charts
position arguments, 289–90
proposals for solutions, 345
speculation about cause, 433
uses of, 648
plagiarism, avoiding
Internet research, 699
and paraphrasing, 707–8
sources, acknowledging, 699
planning and drafting. See drafting under specific types of essays; for example, remembered event essays
plays
MLA style documentation, 712
titles, italics for, H-78
plot of stories
analyzing, 476–77
defined, 457
plurals
apostrophe for, H-67
consistent use, H-12–13
forming, rules for, H-82–83
as gender-free form, H-49
noun agreement, H-33–34
pronoun agreement, H-12
proper names, H-82–83
podcasts
for explanations of concepts, 149
MLA style documentation, 726
poetry
MLA style documentation, 712
quotes from, integrating into essays, 705
titles, italics for, H-78
titles, quotation marks for, H-65
point of view, stories, analysis of, 477
points, font style and size, 643
Pope-Sussman, Raphael, “Let’s Abolish This Modern-Day Coalmine”
popular sources
features of, 693–94
versus scholarly journals, 694
portfolios. See writing portfolios
position
arguing for. See position arguments
opposing, presenting. See common ground essays
sentence strategies for, 622–23
position arguments, 242–95
design elements
graphics, using, 289–90
visual/audio, types of, 285
drafting, 276–86
authority or expert information, using, 281
essay, 286
framing issue, 277–78
ideas into words, Ways In, 278
opening sentences, 285–86
outline, 284
plausible and implausible reasons, addressing, 293–94
plausible reasons, developing, 280
purpose and audience, clarifying, 278–79
quotations, paraphrasing, summarizing, 281–82
reader’s objections, anticipating, 282–84
refutation/concession, 282–84
statistics, use of, 285
supporting evidence, 281–82
testing topic with others, 277
thesis statement, working, 279
topic (issue), choosing, 276–77
writer’s position, support for, 281–82
evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 286–87
genre
features of, 245–49
media alternatives for, 273
practicing with group, 244
reflecting on, 295
Guide to Reading, 245–73
audience and purpose, 245
logical fallacies, checking for, 249
Guide to Writing, 274–76
learning, reflecting on, 294–95
research
sources, types of, 280–81
statistics, source of, 264
revising draft, 286–92
conjunctive adverbs, comma splices, correcting, 291
coordinating conjunctions, commas before, 290–91
editing and proofreading, 290–92
tone, editing for, 290
Troubleshooting Guide, 288–89
Thinking Critically about, 294–95
Writer at Work (Jessica Statsky), 292–94
writing situation for
about service experience, 784
community, 243, 277
workplace, 243, 277
writing strategies
anecdotes and examples, 258–59
appeals, 247–48
cause and effect in, 271–72
contrast, using, 270
hypothetical questions, 271
reinterpretation by writer, 264
statistics in, 264
supporting evidence, 247
possessive form
apostrophes, H-66–67, H-99
indefinite pronouns, H-67
personal pronouns, H-67
possessive pronoun case, H-17, H-99
PowerPoint slides, 433, 774–75
predicate adjectives, H-97
predicate nominatives, H-97
predicates
commas, unnecessary, H-55
compound, H-55
defined, H-96
missing, sentence fragments, H-9
mixed constructions, avoiding, 168, H-37–38
preface
APA style documentation, 744
MLA style documentation, 719
prefixes
adding, rules for, H-81
hyphen, incorrect use, H-73
in proper nouns, H-73
prejudice/prejudiced, H-114
prepositional phrases
for action in writing, 20
commas, unnecessary, H-57
as dangling modifier, H-35
functions in sentence, H-109–10
reducing in sentences, H-44, H-57
prepositions
commas, unnecessary, H-57
exact, use of, H-47
missing in sentences, H-27
object of, H-16, H-107
preposition-object order, H-16
unnecessary in sentences, H-46
uses of, H-107
presentation software, 774–75
present participle
forming, H-20
multilingual writers, troublespots, H-26
present perfect tense, forming, H-105
present tense
APA style, H-19
for reference to literary work, 704
for time transitions, 565
pretentious language, avoiding, H-50
primary sources
defined, 674
information from. See field research
principal/principle, H-114
process narratives, 568–72
in explanations of concepts, 140, 158
explanatory, 568–71
instructional, 571–72
in profiles, 94
profiles, 58–115
design elements
photographs, 64, 81, 94
visual/audio, types of, 97
Web design, 106–7
drafting, 89–101
dominant impression, clarifying, 100
drafting essay, 101
ideas into words, Ways In, 92–95
information to include, 100
main point, including, 100
opening sentence, 101
organization, logical, 89
outline, 96–97
perspective on subject, developing, 98–100
purpose for writing, refining, 99–100
quotations, integrating into essay, 95–96
source information, including, 97
subject to profile, choosing, 90–91
testing topic with others, 90–91
writer, inclusion in piece, 97–98
evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 102–3
field research, 91–98
interview notes, 110–12
interview write-up, 112–14
observations, 91–98
schedule, 92
genre
basic features, 61–63
media alternatives for, 87, 106–7
practicing with group, 60
reflecting on, 115
Guide to Reading, 61–87
audience and purpose, 61
connections, making, 78, 84
“Gringo in the Lettuce Fields, A” (Thompson), 62–63, 81–86
“I’m Not Leaving Until I Eat This Thing” (Edge), 69–74
topics for essays, considering, 74, 80–81, 86
Guide to Writing, 88–89
learning, reflecting on, 114–15
revising draft, 103–9
for adjective order, 109
participial phrases, integrating, 108
Troubleshooting Guide, 104–6
Thinking Critically about, 114–15
Writer at Work (Brian Cable), 110–14
writing situation for
about service experience, 783
college courses, 58, 106–7
workplace, 59
writing strategies
anecdotes, use of, 78
contrast and juxtaposition, 80
descriptions, 61–62, 72
dominant impression, creating, 63, 72, 100
figures of speech, use of, 72
interview write-up, 112–14
logical transitions, 63
quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, 62, 84–85
showing, 72, 73
source information, including, 62, 84
progressive tense
forming, H-19
multilingual writers, troublespots, H-19
pronoun agreement, inconsistencies, correcting, H-12–13
pronoun case, H-16–18, H-99
pronoun reference
as cohesive device, 140, 552–53
pronouns, H-99–100
as adjectives, H-101
adjectives as modifiers, H-26, H-101
case, H-16–18, H-99
as complements, H-97
demonstrative, H-100
gender-free forms, H-13, H-49–50
interrogative, H-100
reflexive, H-17, H-100
relative, H-14–16, H-100
proofreading. See editing and proofreading
proper nouns, H-99
capitalization, H-74
plurals of, H-82–83
prefixed, hyphen in, H-73
proposals for solutions, 296–349
drafting, 331–41
alternative solutions, offering, 339–40
anecdotes and examples, 333
authority or expert information in, 336
drafting essay, 341
explaining solutions, 338–39
framing issue, 333–35
ideas into words, Ways In, 333–34
opening sentences, 341
organization, logical, 340–41
outline, 340
purpose and audience, considering, 333–34
reframing issue, 336–37
refutation/concession, 339–40
solution, developing, 337–38
statistics, use of, 335–36
topic (problem), choosing, 332
evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 341–43
genre
basic features, 299–304
media alternatives for, 329
practicing with group, 298
reflecting on, 349
Guide to Reading, 299–329
“Fighting Bullying with Babies” (Bornstein), 310–16
“Ounces of Prevention—The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages” (Brownell and Frieden), 300–301, 316–22
purpose and audience, 299
topics for essays, considering, 316
Guide to Writing, 330–31
learning, reflecting on, 348–49
research, 338–39
databases for, 339
Internet research, 339
sources, types of, 339
statistics, source of, 336
revising draft, 341–46
agentless sentences, revising, 346
editing and proofreading, 345–46
this, that, ambiguous use, avoiding, 345–46
Troubleshooting Guide, 344
Writer at Work (Patrick O’Malley), 347–48
writing situation for
about service experience, 784
writing strategies
alternative solutions, offering, 315
anecdotes and examples, 299–300
authority or expert information in, 300, 320
classification, 321
comparing and contrasting, 321
framing issue, 299–300, 314
implementation of solution, offering, 302, 314–15, 327, 338–39
reasons, presenting, 301
reframing issue, 340
rhetorical questions, 314
statistics, using, 300–301, 326–27
thesis statement, 301
ProQuest Central, 678
ProQuest Newspapers, 678
PsycINFO, 678
public address, MLA style documentation, 724
public events, in remembered event essays, 22
public opinion polls, research sources, 440
public service announcements (PSA)
as position arguments, 273
proposals for solutions in, 329
visuals, analysis of, 627
punctuation and punctuation marks, H-51–71. See also individual punctuation marks
apostrophes, H-66–68
brackets, H-69
colons, H-59–61
commas, H-51–57
dashes, H-61–63
ellipsis marks, H-69–70
exclamation points, H-71
parentheses, H-68–69
periods, H-70
question marks, H-71
quotation marks, H-63–66
semicolons, H-57–59
slashes, H-70
spacing before and after, H-76–77
purpose for writing
and document design, 641–42
explanations of concepts, 119, 154–55
motivations of writer, 11
stories, analysis of, 459