Preface

Introduction

guide

Part 1 Genres

1 Narratives

Deciding to write a narrative

LITERACY NARRATIVE: Allegra Goodman, O.K., You’re Not Shakespeare. Now Get Back to Work

Exploring purpose and topic

Brainstorm, freewrite, build lists, and use memory prompts

Choose a manageable subject

Understanding your audience

Focus on people

Select events that will keep readers engaged

Pace the story

Adjust your writing to appeal to the intended readers

Finding and developing materials

Consult documents

Consult images

Talk to the people involved

Trust your experiences

Creating a structure

Consider a simple sequence

Build toward a climax

Choosing a style and design

Don’t hesitate to use first person — I

Use figures of speech such as similes, metaphors, and analogies to make memorable comparisons

In choosing verbs, favor active rather than passive voice

Keep the language simple

Develop major characters through action and dialogue

Develop the setting to set the context and mood

Use images to tell a story

Examining models

MEMOIR/REFLECTION: Miles Pequeno, Check. Mate?

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE (EXCERPT): Marjane Satrapi, From Persepolis

E-readings > Katerina Cizek, Out My Window[MULTIMEDIA DOCUMENTARY]

ASSIGNMENTS

2 Reports

Deciding to write a report

Present information

Find reliable sources

Aim for objectivity

Present information clearly

RESEARCH REPORT: Susan Wilcox, Marathons for Women

Exploring purpose and topic

Answer questions

Review what is already known about a subject

Report new knowledge

Understanding your audience

Suppose you are the expert

Suppose you are the novice

Suppose you are the peer

Finding and developing materials

Base reports on the best available sources

Base reports on multiple sources

Fact-check your report

Creating a structure

Organize by date, time, or sequence

Organize by magnitude or order of importance

Organize by division

Organize by classification

Organize by position, location, or space

Organize by definition

Organize by comparison/contrast

Organize by thesis statement

Choosing a style and design

Present the facts cleanly

Keep out of it

Avoid connotative language

Pay attention to elements of design

Examining models

FEATURE STORY: Lev Grossman, From Scroll to Screen

INFOGRAPHIC: The White House, Wind Technologies Market Report 2012

E-readings > UNICEF, Innovations for Child Health in Uganda [VIDEO REPORT]

ASSIGNMENTS

3 Arguments

Deciding to write an argument

Offer levelheaded and disputable claims

Offer good reasons to support a claim

Understand opposing claims and points of view

Frame arguments powerfully — and not in words only

ARGUMENT TO ADVANCE A THESIS: Stefan Casso, Worth the Lie

Exploring purpose and topic

Learn much more about your subject

State a preliminary claim, if only for yourself

Qualify your claim to make it reasonable

Examine your core assumptions

Understanding your audience

Consider and control your ethos

Consider self-imposed limits

Consider the worlds of your readers

Finding and developing materials

List your reasons

Assemble your hard evidence

Cull the best quotations

Find counterarguments

Consider emotional appeals

Creating a structure

Make a point or build toward one

Spell out what’s at stake

Address counterpoints when necessary, not in a separate section

Save your best arguments for the end

Choosing a style and design

Invite readers with a strong opening

Write vibrant sentences

Ask rhetorical questions

Use images and design to make a point

Examining models

REFUTATION ARGUMENT: Bjørn Lomborg,The Limits to Panic

VISUAL ARGUMENT: Matt Bors, Can We Stop Worrying about Millennials Yet?

E-readings > 5 Gyres, Understanding Plastic Pollution through Exploration, Education, and Action [INTERACTIVEWEB SITE]

ASSIGNMENTS

4 Evaluations

Deciding to write an evaluation

Explain your mission

Establish and defend criteria

Offer convincing evidence

Offer worthwhile advice

ARTS REVIEW: Lisa Schwarzbaum, The Hunger Games

Exploring purpose and topic

Evaluate a subject you know well

Evaluate a subject you need to investigate

Evaluate a subject you’d like to know more about

Evaluate a subject that’s been on your mind

Understanding your audience

Write for experts

Write for a general audience

Write for novices

Finding and developing materials

Decide on your criteria

Look for hard criteria

Argue for criteria that can’t be measured

Stand by your values

Gather your evidence

Creating a structure

Choose a simple structure when your criteria and categories are predictable

Choose a focal point

Compare and contrast

Choosing a style and design

Use a high or formal style

Use a middle style

Use a low style

Present evaluations visually

Examining models

SOCIAL SATIRE: Jordyn Brown, A Word from My Anti-Phone Soapbox

PRODUCT REVIEW: Eric Hoover,Monsters U.’s Site Just Might Give You “Web-Site Envy”

VISUAL COMPARISON:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Crash Test

E-readings > Ivan Penn and the Tampa Bay Times, Mandarin Chinese, Rosetta Stone Style [PRODUCT TEST]

ASSIGNMENTS

5 Causal Analyses

Deciding to write a causal analysis

Don’t jump to conclusions

Appreciate your limits

Offer sufficient evidence for claims

CAUSAL ANALYSIS: Jonah Goldberg, Global Warming and the Sun

Exploring purpose and topic

Look again at a subject you know well

Look for an issue new to you

Examine a local issue

Choose a challenging subject

Tackle an issue that seems settled

Understanding your audience

Create an audience

Write to an existing audience

Finding and developing materials

Understand necessary causes

Understand sufficient causes

Understand precipitating causes

Understand proximate causes

Understand remote causes

Understand reciprocal causes

Creating a structure

Explain why something happened

Explain the consequences of a phenomenon

Suggest an alternative view of cause and effect

Explain a chain of causes

Choosing a style and design

Consider a middle style

Adapt the style to the subject matter

Use appropriate supporting media

Examining models

RESEARCH STUDY: Alysha Behn, Where Have All the Women Gone?

CULTURAL ANALYSIS: Lance Hosey, Why We Love Beautiful Things

E-readings = TheAtlantic.com, Think Again [MULTIMODAL PROJECT]

ASSIGNMENTS

6 Proposals

Deciding to write a proposal

Define a problem

Make specific recommendations

Target the proposal

Consider reasonable alternatives

Make realistic recommendations

TRIAL BALLOON: Barrett Seaman, How Bingeing Became the New College Sport

Exploring purpose and topic

Look for a genuine issue

Look for a challenging problem

Look for a soluble problem

Look for a local issue

Understanding your audience

Appeal to people who can make a difference

Rally people who represent public opinion

Finding and developing materials

Define the problem

Examine prior solutions

Outline a proposal

Defend the proposal

Figure out how to implement the proposal

Creating a structure

Choosing a style and design

Use a formal style

Use a middle style, when appropriate

Pay attention to elements of design

Examining models

MANIFESTO: Katelyn Vincent, Technology Time-Out

VISUAL PROPOSAL: Jen Sorensen, Loan Bone

E-readings > Michael Pollan, Celebrate School Lunch [VIDEO]

ASSIGNMENTS

7 Literary Analyses

Deciding to write a literary analysis

Begin with a close reading

Make a claim or an observation

Use texts for evidence

Present works in context

Draw on previous research

THEMATIC INTERPRETATION: William Deresiewicz,Great Expectations: What Gatsby’s Really Looking For

Exploring purpose and topic

Choose a text you connect with

Choose a text you want to learn more about

Choose a text you don’t understand

Understanding your audience

Clearly identify the author and works you are analyzing

Define key terms

Don’t aim to please professional critics

Finding and developing materials

Examine the text closely

Focus on the text itself

Focus on meanings, themes, and interpretations

Focus on authorship and history

Focus on genre

Focus on influences

Focus on social connections

Find good sources

Creating a structure

Imagine a structure

Work on your opening

Choosing a style and design

Use a formal style for most assignments

Use a middle style for informal or personal papers

Follow the conventions of literary analysis

Cite plays correctly

Explore alternative media

Examining models

CLOSE READING: Emily Dickinson, I felt a Funeral, in my Brain

Kanaka Sathasivan, Insanity: Two Women

PHOTOGRAPHS AS LITERARY TEXTS: Dorothea Lange, Jobless on Edge of Pea Field, Imperial Valley, California

Walker Evans, Burroughs Family Cabin, Hale County, Alabama

Gordon Parks, American Gothic

E-readings > Erik Didriksen, Pop Sonnet: Royals [PARODY]

ASSIGNMENTS

8 Rhetorical Analyses

Deciding to write a rhetorical analysis

Take words and images seriously

Spend time with texts

Pay attention to audience

Mine texts for evidence

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS: Paula Marantz Cohen, Too Much Information: The Pleasure of Figuring Things Out for Yourself

Exploring purpose and topic

Make a difference

Choose a text you can work with

Choose a text you can learn more about

Choose a text with handles

Choose a text you know how to analyze

Understanding your audience

Finding and developing materials

Consider the ethos of the author

Consider how a writer plays to emotions

Consider how well reasoned a piece is

Creating a structure

Choosing a style and design

Consider a high style

Consider a middle style

Make the text accessible to readers

Examining models

ANALYSIS OF AN ARGUMENT: Matthew James Nance, A Mockery of Justice

CULTURAL ANALYSIS: J. Reagan Tankersley, Humankind’s Ouroboros

E-readings > Nickolay Lamm, The History of Music [INFOGRAPHIC]

ASSIGNMENTS

Part 2 Special Assignments

9 Essay Examinations

Understanding essay exams

Anticipate the types of questions to be asked

Read exam questions carefully

Sketch out a plan for your essay(s)

Organize your answers strategically

Offer strong evidence for your claims

Come to a conclusion

Keep the tone serious

Keep your eye on the clock

Getting the details right

Use transitional words and phrases

Do a quick check of grammar, mechanics, and spelling

Write legibly or print

Examining a model

Wade Lamb, Plato’s Phaedrus

10 Position Papers

Understanding position papers

Read the assignment carefully

Review the assigned material

Mine the texts for evidence

Organize the paper sensibly

Getting the details right

Identify key terms and concepts and use them correctly and often

Treat your sources appropriately

Spell names and concepts correctly

Respond to your classmates’ work

Examining a model

Heidi Rogers, Triumph of the Lens

11 Annotated Bibliographies

Understanding annotated bibliographies

Begin with an accurate record of research materials

Describe or summarize the content of each item in the bibliography

Assess the significance or quality of the work

Explain the role the work plays in your research

Getting the details right

Record the information on your sources accurately

Follow a single documentation style

Keep summaries and assessments brief

Follow directions carefully

Examining a model

Annotated Bibliography from a Topic Proposal (Excerpt)

12 Synthesis Papers

Understanding synthesis papers

Identify reputable sources on your subject

Summarize and paraphrase the works you have identified

Look for connections between your sources

Acknowledge disagreements and rebuttals

Don’t rush to judgment

Cite materials that both support and challenge your own thesis

Getting the details right

Provide a context for your topic

Tell a story

Pay attention to language

Be sure to document your sources

Examining a model

Lauren Chiu, Time to Adapt?

13 E-mails

Understanding e-mail

Explain your purpose clearly and logically

Tell readers what you want them to do

Write for intended and unintended audiences

Keep your messages brief

Distribute your messages sensibly

Getting the details right

Choose a sensible subject line

Arrange your text sensibly

Check the recipient list before you hit send

Include an appropriate signature

Use standard grammar

Have a sensible e-mail address

Don’t be a pain

Examining a model

Kori Strickland, Writing Center Course Eligibility

14 Business Letters

Understanding business letters

Explain your purpose clearly and logically

Tell readers what you want them to do

Write for your audience

Keep the letter focused and brief

Follow a conventional form

Getting the details right

Use consistent margins and spacing

Finesse the greeting

Distribute copies of your letter sensibly

Spell everything right

Photocopy the letter as a record

Don’t forget the promised enclosures

Fold the letter correctly and send it in a suitable envelope

Examining models

John Humbert, Complaint Letter 293

Nancy Linn, Cover Letter

15 Résumés 296

Understanding résumés

Gather the necessary information

Decide on appropriate categories

Arrange the information within categories in reverse chronological order

Design pages that are easy to read

Getting the details right

Proofread every line in the résumé several times

Don’t leave unexplained gaps in your education or work career

Be consistent

Protect your personal data

Look for help

Examining a model

Andrea Palladino, Résumé

16 Personal Statements

Understanding personal statements

Read the essay prompt carefully

Decide on a focus or theme

Be realistic about your audience

Organize the piece strategically

Try a high or middle style

Getting the details right

Don’t get too artsy

Use common sense

Compose the statement yourself

Examining a model

Michael Villaverde, Application Essay for Academic Service Partnership Foundation Internship

17 Writing Portfolios

Understanding writing portfolios

Take charge of the portfolio assignment

Appreciate the audiences for a portfolio

Present authentic materials

Take reflections seriously

Getting the details right

Polish your portfolio

Understand the portfolio activities

Give honest feedback to classmates

Take advantage of multimedia

Examining a model

Desiree Lopez, Midterm Reflection on an Internship Course

18 Oral Reports

Understanding oral reports

Know your stuff

Organize your presentation

Keep your audience on track

Stay connected to your listeners

Use your voice and body

Adapt your material to the time available

Practice your talk

Prepare for the occasion

Getting the details right

Be certain you need presentation software

Use slides to introduce points, not cover them

Use a simple and consistent design

Consider alternatives to slide-based presentations

Examining a model

Terri Sagastume, Presentation on Edenlawn Estates

reference

Part 3 Ideas

19 Brainstorming

Find routines that support thinking

Build from lists

Map your ideas

Try freewriting

Use memory prompts

Search online for your ideas

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Browse for Ideas

20 Smart Reading

Read to deepen what you already know

Read above your level of knowledge

Read what makes you uncomfortable

Read against the grain

Read slowly

Annotate what you read

21 Critical Thinking

Think in terms of claims and reasons

Think in terms of premises and assumptions

Think in terms of evidence

Anticipate objections

Avoid logical fallacies

22 Experts

Talk with your instructor

Take your ideas to the writing center

Find local experts

Check with librarians

Chat with peers

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Use the Writing Center

23 Writer’s Block

Break the project into parts

Set manageable goals

Create a calendar

Limit distractions

Do the parts you like first

Write a zero draft

Reward yourself

Part 4 Shaping & Drafting

24 Thesis

Compose a complete sentence

Make a significant claim or assertion

Write a declarative sentence, not a question

Expect your thesis to mature

Introduce a thesis early in a project

Or state a thesis late in a project

Write a thesis to fit your audience and purpose

25 Strategies

Use description to set a scene

Use division to divide a subject

Use classification to sort objects or ideas by consistent principles

Use definition to clarify meaning

Use comparison and contrast to show similarity and difference

26 Organization

Examine model documents

Sketch out a plan or sequence

Provide cues or signals for readers

Deliver on your commitments

27 Outlines

Start with scratch outlines

List key ideas

Look for relationships

Subordinate ideas

Decide on a sequence

Move up to a formal outline

28 Paragraphs

Make sure paragraphs lead somewhere

Develop ideas adequately

Organize paragraphs logically

Use paragraphs to manage transitions

Design paragraphs for readability

29 Transitions

Use appropriate transitional words and phrases

Use the right word or phrase to show time or sequence

Use sentence structure to connect ideas

Pay attention to nouns and pronouns

Use synonyms

Use physical devices for transitions

Read a draft aloud to locate weak transitions

30 Introductions and Conclusions

Shape an introduction

Draw a conclusion

31 Titles

Use titles to focus documents

Create searchable titles

Avoid whimsical or suggestive titles

Capitalize and punctuate titles carefully

Part 5 Style

32 High, Middle, and Low Style

Use high style for formal, scientific, and scholarly writing

Use middle style for personal, argumentative, and some academic writing

Use a low style for personal, informal, and even playful writing

33 Inclusive and Culturally Sensitive Style

Avoid expressions that stereotype genders or sexual orientation

Avoid expressions that stereotype races, ethnic groups, or religious groups

Treat all people with respect

Avoid sensational language

34 Vigorous, Clear, Economical Style

Build sentences around specific and tangible subjects and objects

Look for opportunities to use specific nouns and noun phrases rather than general ones

Avoid sprawling phrases

Avoid sentences with long windups

Favor simple, active verbs

Avoid strings of prepositional phrases

Don’t repeat key words close together

Avoid doublings

Turn clauses into more direct modifiers

Cut introductory expressions such as it is and there is/are when you can

Vary your sentence lengths and structures

Read what you have written aloud

Cut a first draft by 25 percent—or more

Part 6 Revising & Editing

35 Revising Your Own Work

Revise to see the big picture

Edit to make the paper flow

Edit to get the details right

VISUAL TUTORIAL: How to Revise Your Work

36 Peer Editing

Peer edit the same way you revise your own work

Be specific in identifying problems or opportunities

Offer suggestions for improvement

Praise what is genuinely good in the paper

Use proofreading symbols

Keep comments tactful

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Insert a Comment in a Word Document

Part 7 Research & Sources

37 Beginning Your Research

Know your assignment

Come up with a plan

Find a manageable topic

Ask for help

Distinguish between primary and secondary sources

Record every source you examine

Prepare a topic proposal

38 Finding Print and Online Sources

Search libraries strategically

Explore library reference tools

Use professional databases

Explore the Internet

39 Doing Field Research

Interview people with unique knowledge of your subject

Make careful and verifiable observations

Learn more about fieldwork

40 Evaluating Sources

Preview source materials for their key features and strategies

Check who published or produced the source

Check who wrote a work

Consider the audience for a source

Establish how current a source is

Check the source’s documentation

41 Annotating Sources

Annotate sources to understand them

Read sources to identify claims

Read sources to understand assumptions

Read sources to find evidence

Record your personal reactions to source material

42 Summarizing Sources

Prepare a summary for every item you examine in a project

Use a summary to recap what a writer has said

Be sure your summary is accurate and complete

Use a summary to record your take on a source

Use summaries to prepare an annotated bibliography

43 Paraphrasing Sources

Identify the major claims and structure of the source

Track the source faithfully

Record key pieces of evidence

Be certain your notes are entirely in your own words

Avoid misleading or inaccurate paraphrasing

Use your paraphrases to synthesize sources

44 Incorporating Sources into Your Work

Cue the reader in some way whenever you introduce borrowed material

Select an appropriate “verb of attribution” to frame borrowed material

Use ellipsis marks [ . . . ] to shorten a lengthy quotation

Use brackets [ ] to insert explanatory material into a quotation

Use ellipsis marks, brackets, and other devices to make quoted materials fit the grammar of your sentences

Use [sic] to signal an obvious error in quoted material

45 Documenting Sources

Understand the point of documentation

Understand what you accomplish through documentation

46 MLA Documentation and Format

Document sources according to convention

MLA in-text citation

MLA works cited entries

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Cite from a Book (MLA)

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Cite from a Magazine (MLA)

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Cite from a Web Site (MLA)

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Cite from a Database (MLA)

Sample MLA pages

47 APA Documentation and Format

Document sources according to convention

APA in-text citation

APA reference entries

VISUAL TUTORIAL:How to Cite from a Web Site (APA)

VISUAL TUTORIAL: How to Cite from a Database (APA)

Sample APA pages

Part 8 Media & Design

48 Understanding Digital Media

Choose a media format based on what you hope to accomplish

Use social networks and blogs to create communities

Create Web sites to share information

Use wikis to collaborate with others

Make videos and podcasts to share information

Use maps to position ideas

Use appropriate digital formats

Edit and save digital elements

Respect copyrights

49 Tables, Graphs, and Infographics

Use tables to present statistical data

Use line graphs to display changes or trends

Use bar and column graphs to plot relationships within sets of data

Use pie charts to display proportions

Explore the possibilities of infographics

50 Designing Print and Online Documents

Understand the power of images

VISUAL TUTORIAL: How to Insert an Image into a Word Document

Keep page designs simple and uncluttered

Keep the design logical and consistent

Keep the design balanced

Use templates sensibly

Coordinate your colors

Use headings if needed

Choose appropriate fonts

Part 9 Common Errors

51 Capitalization

Capitalize the names of ethnic, religious, and political groups

Capitalize modifiers formed from proper nouns

Capitalize all words in titles except prepositions, articles, or conjunctions

Take care with compass points, directions, and specific geographical areas

Understand academic conventions

Capitalize months, days, holidays, and historical periods

52 Apostrophes

Use apostrophes to form the possessive

Use apostrophes in contractions

Don’t use apostrophes with possessive pronouns

53 Commas

Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to join two independent clauses

Use a comma after an introductory word group

Use commas with common connective words and phrases

Put commas around nonrestrictive (that is, nonessential) elements

Use commas to separate items in a series

Do not use commas to separate compound verbs

Do not use a comma between subject and verb

Do not use commas to set off restrictive elements

54 Comma Splices, Run-Ons, and Fragments

Identify comma splices and run-ons

Fix comma splices and run-ons

Identify sentence fragments

Fix sentence fragments in your work

Watch for fragments in the following situations

Use deliberate fragments only in appropriate situations

55 Subject/Verb Agreement

Be sure the verb agrees with its real subject

In most cases, treat multiple subjects joined by and as plural

When compound subjects are linked by either . . . or or neither . . . nor, make the verb agree with the nearer part of the subject

Confirm whether an indefinite pronoun is singular, plural, or variable

Be consistent with collective nouns

56 Irregular Verbs

57 Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

Check the number of indefinite pronouns

Correct sexist pronoun usage

Treat collective nouns consistently

58 Pronoun Reference

Clarify confusing pronoun antecedents

Make sure a pronoun has a plausible antecedent

Be certain that the antecedent of this, that, or which isn’t vague

59 Pronoun Case

Use the subjective case for pronouns that are subjects

Use the objective case for pronouns that are objects

Use whom when appropriate

Finish comparisons to determine the right case

Don’t be misled by an appositive

60 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Position modifiers close to the words they modify

Place adverbs such as only, almost, especially, and even carefully

Don’t allow a modifier to dangle

61 Parallelism

When possible, make compound items parallel

Keep items in a series parallel

Keep headings and lists parallel

reader

Part 10 Readings

62 Narratives: Readings

Genre Moves: Amy Tan, From Mother Tongue [LITERACY NARRATIVE]

NARRATIVE:Patton Oswalt, Zombie Spaceship Wasteland

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE (EXCERPT): Lynda Barry,Lost and Found

REFLECTION:Naomi Shihab Nye, Mint Snowball

MEMOIR: Ira Sukrungruang, Chop Suey

LITERACY NARRATIVE: Jonathan Franzen, The Comfort Zone

63 Reports: Readings

Genre Moves: N. Scott Momaday, From The Way to Rainy Mountain [DESCRIPTIVE REPORT]

INFORMATIONAL REPORT:Kamakshi Ayyar, Cosmic Postcards: The Adventures of an Armchair Astronaut

DEFINITIONAL REPORT: Steve Silberman, Neurodiversity Rewires Conventional Thinking about Brains

INFORMATIONAL REPORT: Ross Perlin, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom

LEGAL REPORT: Philip Deloria, The Cherokee Nation Decision

GRAPHIC REPORT:Mark Graham and Stefano De Sabbata, Age of Internet Empires

64 Arguments: Readings

Genre Moves: Sojourner Truth, From Ain’t I a Woman? [ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH]

EDITORIAL: Maureen Dowd, Don’t Send in the Clones

ARGUMENTATIVE REPORT: Jeff Wise, The Sad Science of Hipsterism: The Psychology of Indie Bands, PBR, and Weird Facial Hair

ARGUMENT FOR CHANGE: Emily Bazelon, Hitting Bottom: Why America Should Outlaw Spanking

ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL VALUES: Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, The Young, the Rich, and the Famous: Individualism as an American Cultural Value

POLICY ARGUMENT: Daniel Engber, Glutton Intolerance

65 Evaluations: Readings

Genre Moves: Naomi Klein, From No Logo [EVALUATION]

TELEVISION REVIEW: Emily Nussbaum, To Stir, with Love

SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION: Michio Kaku, Force Fields

MUSIC REVIEW:Sasha Frere-Jones, The Next Day

TELEVISION REVIEW: Nelle Engoron, Why Mad Men Is Bad for Women

MEDIA EVALUATION:Leigh Alexander, Domino’s, the Pizza That Never Sleeps

66 Causal Analyses: Readings

Genre Moves: James Baldwin, From If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is? [CAUSAL ANALYSIS]

CAUSAL ANALYSIS: Rita J. King, How Twitter Is Reshaping the Future of Storytelling

CULTURAL ANALYSIS:Natalie Angier, Almost Before We Spoke, We Swore

CAUSAL ANALYSIS: Robert W. Gehl, A History of Like

EXPLORATORY ESSAY: Tricia Rose, Hip Hop Causes Violence

67 Proposals: Readings

Genre Moves: Rachel Carson, From The Obligation to Endure [PROPOSAL]

PROPOSAL FOR CHANGE: Michael Todd, Is That Plastic in Your Trash a Hazard?

PROPOSAL FOR CHANGE: Jane McGonigal, Video Games: An Hour a Day Is Key to Success in Life

PROPOSAL:Neil deGrasse Tyson, The Cosmic Perspective

SATIRICAL PROPOSAL: Kembrew McLeod, A Modest Free Market Proposal for Education Reform

PROPOSAL FOR CHANGE: Peter Singer, “One Person, One Share” of the Atmosphere

68 Literary Analyses: Readings

Genre Moves: Gloria Naylor, From The Meanings of a Word [LITERARY ANALYSIS]

FORMAL ANALYSIS:Adam Bradley, Rap Poetry

TEXTUAL ANALYSIS:Zadie Smith, Their Eyes Were Watching God: What Does Soulful Mean?

TEXTUAL ANALYSIS:

Joni Mitchell, “Woodstock” (SONG LYRICS)

Camille Paglia, “Woodstock”

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS:Sara Buttsworth, CinderBella: Twilight, Fairy Tales, and the Twenty-First-Century American Dream

CULTURAL ANALYSIS: Gish Jen, Holden Raises Hell

69 Rhetorical Analyses: Readings

Genre Moves: Susan Sontag, From Notes on “Camp” [RHETORICAL ANALYSIS]

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: Deborah Tannen, Oh, Mom. Oh, Honey.: Why Do You Have to Say That?

ANALYSIS OF AN ADVERTISEMENT: Stanley Fish, The Other Car

CULTURAL ANALYSIS: Laurie Fendrich, The Beauty of the Platitude

FILM ANALYSIS:Daniel D’Addario, Johnny Depp’s Tonto Misstep: Race and The Lone Ranger

ANALYSIS OF AN ADVERTISEMENT: Caroline Leader, Dudes Come Clean: Negotiating a Space for Men in Household Cleaner Commercials

Index I-1