Cable, Brian

“Last Stop, The,” 62–68, 73, 84, 86, 96, 100, 110–14

Writer at Work, 110–14

Cain, Susan, “Shyness: Evolutionary Tactic?,” 120–21, 142–48

calendar time

as narrative strategy, 62, 561–63

profiles, 85

remembered event essays, 38

“Calling Home” (Brandt), 13–17, 21, 29–30, 39–41, 51–56

call numbers, 677

Campbell, W. Keith, “Isn’t Narcissism Beneficial, Especially in a Competitive World?”

“Can You Make Yourself Smarter?” (Hurley), 121–22, 134–38, 140–41

capital/capitol, H-112

capitalization, H-74–76

of abbreviations, H-79–80

beginning of sentence, H-75

incorrect use, H-76

proper names, H-74

in quotations, H-75

titles of works, H-75

captions, for visuals, 357, 648

Carney, Scott, “Inside the Business of Selling Human Body Parts,” 238–41

cartoons

MLA style documentation, 725

as visual, 649

catalogs, library. See catalogs, online

catalogs, online, 675–77

archives and special collections, 677

functions of, 676

records, information in, 676

searching, guidelines for, 676–77

sources, types contained in, 674

subject headings, 676

causal analysis

cause-effect sentence strategies, 425–26

in essay exams, 758

logical fallacies, avoiding, 407

in speculation about cause, 406–7, 420, 425–26, 434–35, 439, 453–54

cause

speculating about. See speculation about cause

transitions (words or phrases) for, 63

causes and effects

as categories, 599

in explanations of concepts, 120, 141, 158

in position arguments, 271–72

sentence strategies for, 425–26

CD-ROM, MLA style documentation, 729

CE (Common Era), H-80

Chambers, Veronica, “Secret Latina, The”

chapters, titles, quotation marks for, H-65

characters in stories

analyzing, 475

defined, 457

charts

bar charts, 193, 322, 450–51

classification and classifying with, 597

MLA style documentation, 725

“Children Need to Play, Not Compete” (Statsky), 247–55, 259, 263, 281–82, 285, 292–94

Chopin, Kate, “Story of an Hour, The,” 471, 495–97,

chronological relationship

calendar and clock time, 62, 85, 561–63

organization by, 79, 85

in speculation about cause, 407, 426

chronology, confusing with causality, 621

Chua, Amy, “Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior,” 188–89, 219–22

chunking

comparing and contrasting by, 601–3

and outlining, 512

of text, design element, 646–47

Web pages, creating, 661

circular reasoning, 621

cite/sight/site, H-112–13

clarity, and classification, 598–99

classification and classifying, 594–600

clarity and coherence, methods for, 598–99

cueing strategies for, 598

defined, 594

in explanations of concepts, 120, 140, 157

for field research observations, 683

illustrating, 596–98

organizing, 594–95

in proposals for solutions, 321

sentence strategies, 599–600

tree diagram for, 595

two- and three-level scheme, 595

visuals for, 597

clauses. See also dependent (subordinate) clauses; independent clauses

constructing from phrases, H-36

defined, H-96

introductory, comma after, H-51

nonrestrictive, H-14, H-108

restrictive, H-14–16, H-108

and sentence structure, H-96

clichés

avoiding, H-48

quotation marks, avoiding, H-65

climax

in dramatic arc, 12, 37

remembered event essays, 12, 37, 48

clip art, 651

clock time, as narrative strategy, 561–63

closed questions, 685

closure, in explanations of concepts, 146–47

clustering, 509

cohesive devices, 552–55

classification as, 598–99

collocation, 554–55

in explanations of concepts, 140

pronoun reference, 140, 552–53

purpose of, 140, 552

sentence structure repetition, 554

synonyms, 140, 553–54

word repetition, 553

Coleman, Molly, “Missing the Fun”

collaborative activities, 777–80

common ground essays, 174, 203

evaluations, 352, 389

explanations of concepts, 118, 153, 155

ground rules, 780

guidelines for, 778

joint writing projects, factors in, 779–80

position arguments, 244, 277

profiles, 60, 90–91

proposals for solutions, 298, 332–33, 335

remembered event essays, 10, 37

service organization, writing for, 784–85

speculation about cause, 404, 437

stories, analysis of, 458, 494–95

collective nouns

pronoun agreement, H-13

as singular, H-23, H-99

subject-verb agreement, H-23

college courses

common ground essays in, 172

and document design, 641–42

evaluations in, 350, 385

explanations of concepts, 116, 152

position arguments in, 242, 276

profiles in, 58, 106–7

proposals for solutions in, 296, 332

remembered event essays in, 8

speculation about cause in, 402, 436

stories, analysis of, 473

colons, H-59–61

appositives, emphasis with, H-59

incorrect use, H-61

independent clauses, introducing with, H-60–61

after introductory phrase to direct quotation, H-64

lists, introducing with, H-60

questions, introducing with, H-60–61

quotations, introducing with, 205, 706, H-60–61

statements, introducing with, H-60–61

colors, in document design, 645–46

comic strips

MLA style documentation, 725

titles, italics for, H-78

commands, H-98, H-107

commas, H-51–57

with adjective clauses, 168

adverb clauses, setting off, H-109

appositives, setting off with, 159, H-59

comma splices, correcting, 291, H-5

with conjunctive adverbs, 291

between coordinate adjectives, H-54

before coordinating conjunctions, 290–91, H-51, H-59

between cumulative adjectives, H-56

with dates, numbers, addresses, H-54

dialogue, setting off with, H-53–54

with direct address, H-53–54

fused sentences, correcting, H-7

between independent clauses, 290–91, H-51, H-59

with interrupting phrases, 212

to introduce quotations, 706

after introductory elements, H-51

after introductory phrase to direct quotation, H-64

after introductory words, phrases, clauses, H-51

in items in series, H-52–53

with nonrestrictive word group, H-51–52

numbered list, separating items with, H-68

before questions added to end of sentence, H-54

with quotation marks, 50, 107, H-53–54, H-63–64

before trailing nonrestrictive participial phrase, H-53

with transitional, parenthetical, contrasting expressions, H-52

unnecessary, H-55–57

comma splices, correcting, 291, H-5–6

common ground, writers and readers, testing for, 543

common ground essays, 172–217

design elements

document formatting, 211

graphics, 193, 195

drafting, 198–207

annotate essays, 200–01, 213–15

audience, identifying, 201–2

drafting essay, 207

fair/impartial presentation, 204, 208

historical context, presenting, 202

ideas into words, Ways In, 199–201

introducing issue, 202

issue, presenting, 207

neutral language, 204

opening sentences, 206–7

opposing positions, analysis of, 199–201, 202–3, 213–15

outline, 205–6

purpose, defining, 204

quotations, integrating, 204–5, 211

rhetorical questions, 202

testing essay with others, 203

thesis statement, working, 203–4

tone, considering, 204

topic (opposing argument), choosing, 198–99

evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 207–8

genre

basic features, 175–78

media alternatives for, 196

practicing with group, 174

reflecting on, 216–17

Guide to Reading

audience and purpose, 175

connections, making, 187, 193–94

“Disposable Heroes” (Weisman), 229–31

“Does Mother Know Best?” (Samson), 176–77, 183–89, 203–6, 213–15

“Do Sports Helmets Help or Hurt?” (Wallace), 231–33

“Financial Incentives for Organ Donation” (National Kidney Foundation), 236–37

“For Some, Helicopter Parenting Delivers Benefits” (Aucoin), 225–27

“Inside the Business of Selling Human Body Parts” (Carney), 238–41

“Laying Claim to a Higher Morality” (Mae), 189–95

“Lost Innocence” (Bernard), 176–81

“Mother Inferior?” (Rosin), 188–89, 222–25

“NFL’s Head Cases, The” (Jackson), 227–28

topics for essays, considering, 189, 195, 198–99

“Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior (Chua), 188–89, 219–22

“Yuan a Kidney?” (Satel), 234–36

Guide to Writing, 197–98

learning, reflecting on, 216

research

databases for, 195, 202

Internet research, 196, 202

sources, types of, 195–96, 202

revising draft, 209–13

editing and proofreading, 212–13

interrupting phrases, commas with, 212

pronoun reference, vague, correcting, 212–13

Troubleshooting Guide, 209–10

Thinking Critically about, 216–17

Writer at Work (Betsy Samson), 213–15

writing situation for

about service experience, 783

college courses, 172

community, 173

workplace, 173

writing strategies

background information, 188

comparing and contrasting, 178

fair/impartial presentation, 177–78, 188–89, 195, 208

forecasting statement, 178

historical context, presenting, 175–76, 194

issue, presenting, 175–76, 188

moral arguments, exploring, 194

neutral language, 177, 188

opposing positions, presenting, 176, 188, 195, 206

organization, logical, 177–78, 189, 195, 208

points of agreement, exploring, 176, 188, 206

probing analysis, 176–77, 188, 194, 208

quotations, summaries, paraphrasing, 176–77

thesis statements, 178, 195

transitional words and phrases, 178, 189

common knowledge, 698

common nouns, H-99

community and writing

evaluations, 351, 385

explanations of concepts, 117, 152

position arguments, 243, 277

profiles, 59, 74, 81, 84, 87, 90

proposals for solutions, 297, 332

remembered event essays, 9

service experience, writing about, 781–85

service material for information gathering, 782

speculation about cause, 403, 436

stories, analysis of, 474

comparative form, H-26

comparing and contrasting, 601–7

analogy for, 605–6

categories, establishing with, 599

by chunking, 601–3

common ground essays, 178

defined, 601

in essay exams, 757

in evaluations, 355–56, 373–74

in explanations of concepts, 120, 147, 157

in proposals for solutions, 321

sentence strategies, 606–7

sequenced comparisons, 602–3

comparisons, 577–78

adjectives and adverbs, H-26, H-101

allusions as, 30

dominant impression, creating, 583

functions of, 577

incomplete, correcting, 397–98

parallelism in, H-41

and pronoun case, H-17

similes and metaphors, 29–30, 72, 536, 577–78

in speculation about cause, 424–25

symbolism, 536

transitional words and phrases for, 178

words and sentence clarity for, H-29–30

complement/compliment, H-113

complements. See also object complements; subject complements

defined, H-97

in gerund phrases, H-110

subject, H-16

completeness

and comparisons, 398

and logic of argument, 541

complex sentences, H-98

composition, and analysis of visuals, 628, 632

compound adjectives, hyphen in, H-72

compound-complex sentences, H-98

compound nouns, hyphen in, H-73

compound objects

commas, unnecessary, H-55

and pronoun case, H-17

compound predicates, commas, unnecessary, H-55

compound sentences, 290, H-98

compound structures, words and sentence clarity for, H-30

compound subjects

commas, unnecessary, H-55

defined, H-96–97

and pronoun case, H-17

subject-verb agreement, H-23–24

compound words, hyphen in, H-72–73

concepts

applying, in essay exams, 756

explaining. See explanations of concepts

forms of, 116

concessions (accepts objections), 618–19

concession-refutation move, 248–49, 259, 283–84, 390, 407–8, 625

defined, 199, 248, 302, 619

in evaluations, 356, 390–91

in position arguments, 248–49, 259, 282–84, 293–94

proposals for solutions, 302–3, 339–40

with putting aside, 407

sentence strategies for, 302, 340, 624–25

speculation about cause, 407–8, 444

transitions (words or phrases) for, 248, 356

concise sentences, wordiness, eliminating, 49–50, H-44–46

conclusions, transitions (words or phrases) for, 63

conditional clauses

and base form (infinitive), H-89

shifts in mood with, H-32

conference proceedings, MLA style documentation, 720

conflict, and remembered event essays, 42

conjunctions

coordinating, H-7, H-55, H-56–57, H-59, H-107

correlative, H-41, H-109

functions in sentence, H-107–8

missing in sentences, H-27–28

subordinating, H-7, H-9, H-57, H-107

conjunctive adverbs

comma splices, correcting, 291, H-6

commas with, 291

common connectives, H-102

fused sentences, correcting, H-8

multilingual writers, troublespots, 292

semicolons to join independent clauses with, 291, H-58

connecting to issues

to common ground essays, 187, 193–94

to evaluations, 365–66, 371–72, 378

to explanations of concepts, 131–32, 139, 145

to position arguments, 257, 263, 269–70

to profiles, 78, 84

to proposals for solutions, 298, 313–14, 320, 326

to remembered event essays, 20, 25, 28–29

to speculation about cause, 418–19, 423–24, 430–31

connectives. See transitions (words or phrases)

connotations, analysis in stories, 461

consistency, testing for, 541

context. See also historical context

and analysis of visuals, 626, 629, 633

cultural context, 534–35

and document design, 642

rhetorical context, 629

social context, 629, 633

contextualizing

defined, 534

example, “‘Letter from Birmingham Jail,’ An Annotated Sample from” (King), 535

as reading strategy, 521, 534–35

contractions, apostrophe in, H-67

contradiction, transitions (words or phrases) for, 63

contrast. See also comparing and contrasting

defined, 601

in evaluations, 380

in position arguments, 270

in profiles, 80

transitions (words or phrases) for, 178, 248, 303

contrasting expressions, commas to set off, H-52

conversations. See dialogue

coordinate adjectives, commas between, H-54

coordinating conjunctions

comma before, 290–91, H-51, H-59

commas, unnecessary, 290–91, H-55, H-56–57

commas before, H-59

comma splices, correcting, H-5

defined, H-107

fused sentences, correcting, H-7

independent clauses, joining with, 290–91

coordination in sentences, H-41–42

corporate authors

APA style documentation, 741, 743

MLA style documentation, 712, 716

correlative conjunctions, parallel form with, H-41, H-108

could of/should of/would of, H-113

council/counsel, H-113

counterarguments. See concessions; refutation

counterexamples, in speculation about cause, 420–21

cover letters, 659

Cox, Michele, “Truth about Lying, The”

Coyne, Amanda, “Long Good-Bye: Mother’s Day in Federal Prison,” 63, 74–80, 86

Crane, Sally, “Gazing into the Darkness”

credibility of writer

assessing, as reading strategy, 521, 542–43

evidence and sources. See authority or expert information

“Crisis of Credit Visualized, The” (Jarvis), 433,

critical comments, reviewing. See revising

Critical Reading Guide

common ground essays, 207–8

evaluations, 392–94

explanations of concepts, 161–63

position arguments, 286–87

profiles, 102–3

proposals for solutions, 341–43

remembered event essays, 44–45

speculation about cause, 446–48

stories, analysis of, 484–86

critical thinking

about common ground essays, 216–17

about evaluations, 400–401

about explanations of concepts, 170–71

about personal writing, 5–6

about position arguments, 294–95

about profiles, 114–15

about proposals for solutions, 341–43

about remembered event essays, 56–57

about speculation about cause, 455–56

about stories, analysis of, 484–86

learning and St. Martin’s Guide, 5

stories, analysis of, 494–95

criticism, in essay exams, 758

crowd-sourced evaluations, 382

cubing

invention and inquiry strategy, 514–15

proposals for solutions, 333

cueing strategies, 546–60

for classification, 598, 600

cohesive devices, 552–55

forecasting statements as, 356–57

headings and subheadings, 367, 381, 558–59

in oral presentations, 773–74

orienting statements, 546–47

paragraphing, 548–52

in speculation about cause, 408–9, 432

in stories, analysis of, 460

thesis statement, 303, 546–48

topic sentences, 272, 303, 315–16, 549–62

transitions (words or phrases), 265, 272, 303–4, 555–58

cultural context, contextualizing, 534–35

cumulative adjectives, commas unnecessary, H-54, H-56