A

a, an (articles), 605

deciding when to use, 324

usage, 274

abbreviations, 442–47

in different fields (Talking about Style), 445

editing for (At a Glance), 442

periods with, 416

texting (Talking the Talk), 262

absolute concepts, 378

absolute phrases, 334

abstract and concrete words, 266–67

abstracts

APA style, 543

CSE style, 581

dissertation, citing in MLA style, 500

for periodical articles, 200–201

purpose of, 211

academic courses, citing Web sites (MLA style), 492

academic institutions, citing Web sites (MLA style), 492

academic reading. See critical reading

academic writing

arguments, 143–61

authority, establishing, 15

for business courses, 655–63

collaboration, 629

compared to informal writing, 14

cultural contexts. See multilingual writers

directness, 15–16

disciplinary language, 625–26

disciplinary style, 626–27

ethical guidelines, 628–29

and evidence, 627–28

first person in, 627

formats, 628

formatting. See designing texts

genres, 594–95

in humanities, 630–38

instructor expectations, 12, 17, 593–94

multimodal presentations, 20–36

in natural and applied sciences, 647–54

purpose, understanding, 50–51

research, planning, 17

research project, 187–241

in social sciences, 639–46

stance, rhetorical, 50–52

U.S. academic style, features of, 16, 594

visuals in. See visuals

accept, except, 274

active reading, strategies for, 16–17

active voice The form of a verb when the subject performs the action: Lata sang the chorus.

advantages of, 120, 310, 352

shifts between passive voice and, 303

addresses

commas with, 408

numbers in, 446

ad hominem fallacy, 151

adjective, 324, 374–80 A word that modifies, quantifies, identifies, or describes a noun or words acting as a noun.

adjective-adverb confusion, 376

commas with, 406

comparatives, superlatives, 324, 377

editing (At a Glance), 375

ending in -ing and -ed, 616

and linking verbs, 374–75

phrases, 334

adjective clauses, 336, 403–4

for multilingual writers, 600

adverb, 324–25, 374–80 A word that qualifies, modifies, limits, or defines a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a clause, frequently answering the questions where? when? how? why? to what extent? or under what conditions?

adjective-adverb confusion, 376

comparatives, superlatives, 325, 377

conjunctive adverbs, 325

editing (At a Glance), 375

phrases, 334

adverb clauses, 336–37, 403–4

advertisements, citing (MLA style), 499

advice, advise, 274

affect, effect, 274

afterwords, citing

in Chicago style, 558

in MLA style, 479

age, assumptions about, 254

aggravate, 274

agreement The correspondence between a pronoun and its antecedent in person, number, and gender (Mr. Fox and his sister) or between a verb and its subject in person and number (She and Moe are friends).

pronoun-antecedent agreement, 10, 369–73

subject-verb agreement, 355–62

alignment, in design, 95

all ready, already, 274

all right, alright, 274

all together, altogether, 274

allude, elude, 274

allusion, illusion, 274

almanacs, 196

almost, 382

along with, 356

America, American, 254

American Psychological Association (APA). See also APA style

ethical code, 628–29

guide to electronic references, 532–39

among, between, 275

amount, number, 275

ampersand (&), in in-text citations (APA style), 518–19

an, a (articles), 324, 605

analogy

developing, paragraphs with, 86

in emotional appeals, 173

analysis. See also academic writing; writing process

literary analysis, 633–38

rhetorical, student model, 157–60

AND, in electronic searches, 198

and/or, 275

annotated bibliography, 207–8

annotation

for critical reading, 131–34

of research sources, 223–24

antecedent, 322, 369–73 The noun or noun phrase that a pronoun replaces.

anthologies, citing

in Chicago style, 558

in MLA style, 467, 474

anticlimax, and humor, 294

any body, anybody, 275

anybody, gender-neutral approach, 371

any one, anyone, 275

anyplace, 275

anyway, anyways, 275

APA style, 515–50 The citation style guidelines issued by the American Psychological Association.

content notes in, 516–17

directory to in-text citation models, 517

directory to model references, 522

formatting paraphrases and quotations in, 518

formatting reference list in, 523

in-text citations in, 517–21

quotations, integrating in, 226

references list, 521–41

author listings, 523–25

books, 525–28

electronic sources, 532–39

formatting (At a Glance), 523

miscellaneous sources, 539–41

print periodicals, 528–31

student research essay in, 541–50

verb tense guidelines, 348, 518

apostrophes, 419–22

in contractions, 421

editing for (At a Glance), 419

errors (Top Twenty), 9

in plurals, 421–22

in possessive forms, 419–21

appeals, 145–48

credibility, creating, 165–75

emotional, 145–48, 172–74

ethical, 146, 167

logical, 146–47, 167–72

in visual arguments, 147–48

applied sciences. See natural and applied sciences

appositive, 404–5 A noun or noun phrase that adds identifying information to a preceding noun or noun phrase: Zimbardo, an innovative researcher, designed the experiment.

appositive phrases, 335

apt, liable, likely, 275

Arab, usage, 254–55

arguable statements, 163

argument, 143–61 A text that makes and supports a claim.

analyzing, 143–61

appeals, identifying, 145–48

arguable statements, criteria for, 163

audience analysis, 165

claims in, 149, 163–64, 176

classical structure, 175–76

counterarguments, 166–67, 177

credibility, creating, 165–75

cultural contexts, 145

designing, 177–78

as exploration of ideas (Talking the Talk), 162

fallacies, 151–55

purposes of, 161–62

reviewing (At a Glance), 162

rhetorical analysis, student model, 157–60

sources, consulting, 175

student model, 178–83

Toulmin, 148–50, 176–77

visual arguments, 140–41, 150

working thesis for, 164

Aristotle, 145, 171

articles (a, an, the), 324, 605–6

articles in periodicals

citing in APA style, 528–31

citing in Chicago style, 560–64

citing in CSE style, 581–82

citing in MLA style, 480–84

evaluating, 208–10, 214–15

locating, 200–201

art works, citing

in Chicago style, 569

in MLA style, 497–98

as, 275

as if, like, 275

assignments. See common assignments; writing assignments

associational organization, 72

assumptions

in arguments, 149, 164, 171, 176

unstated, avoiding, 251–56

assure, ensure, insure, 275

as to, 275

At a Glance boxes

abbreviations and numbers, editing, 442

adjectives and adverbs, editing, 375

APA references list, formatting, 523

apostrophes, editing for, 419

appropriate language and spelling, editing for, 261

arguments, analyzing, 144

arguments, reviewing, 162

assignments, analyzing, 624

business letters, guidelines for writing, 660

capitalization, editing for, 437

commas, editing for, 401

comma splices and fused sentences, editing, 386

common ground, building with language, 250

conciseness, editing for, 307

consistency and completeness, editing for, 296

coordination, subordination, and emphasis, editing for, 287–88

cultures, communicating across, 246

electronic sources, citing, 533

end punctuation, editing for, 415

genres, features of, 594

hyphens, editing for, 451

interviews, conducting, 204

italics, editing for, 448

language variety, 257

memo, guidelines for writing, 656

misplaced or dangling modifiers, editing, 380

MLA citation for visuals, 498

MLA digital sources, citing, 484

MLA list of works cited, formatting, 472

MLA print periodical entries, formatting, 481

models, combining parts of, 478, 524

models, sources without, APA citation, 538

note-taking guidelines, 220

observations, conducting, 204

online text, creating, 20

oral presentations, preparing, 25

parallelism, editing for, 299

paraphrasing guidelines, 222

plagiarism, avoiding, 233

potential sources, examining, 211

prepositions, idiomatic use, 618

pronouns, editing, 363

punctuation, effective use, editing for, 429

quotation marks, editing for, 423

quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, 225

semicolons, editing for, 412

sentence fragments, editing, 392

sentence patterns, basic, 329

sentence variety, editing for, 312

sexist pronouns, editing, 371

shifts, confusing, 304

sources without models, citing, 494, 559

subject-verb agreement, editing for, 356

summarizing guidelines, 223

survey questionnaire, designing, 205

Top Twenty (common errors), 4

U.S. academic style, 16

verbs, editing in own writing, 340

verb tense, editing, 350

visuals, attitude and point of view in, 56

visuals, effective use, 104

writing inventory, taking, 11

writing to make something happen, 37

atlases, 196

audience, 53–54

for arguments, 165

formality of language and, 261–64

for online texts, 21–22

for oral presentations, 26

for public writing, 38

recognizing (Talking the Talk), 188

for research projects, 188

reviewing draft for, 105, 107

in rhetorical situation, 49, 52–54

sources, evaluating for, 208

and tone, 56

world audiences. See cultural contexts

audio content

incorporating, 228–29

reviewing draft for, 106

revising, 116

tone of, 57

types of, 22

audio sources, citing

in APA style, 540–41

in Chicago style, 568

in MLA style, 495–97

authority

cultural contexts, 247

establishing your, 15

as evidence for argument, 169

authors

APA style, citing

in references list, 523–25

in text, 518–20

Chicago style, citing, 555–60

credibility of, evaluating, 208–10

CSE style, citing, 577–81

MLA style, citing

in text, 464–68

on works cited list, 470–74

a while, awhile, 275

B

bad, badly, 275, 376

bandwagon appeal fallacy, 151

bare, bear, 275

bar graphs, 101

base form, 340–45 The form of a verb listed in dictionaries (go).

be, forms of

everyday use of (Talking about Style), 341

as helping verbs, 320, 342, 610–11

nonstandard use, 341

progressive tenses, 611

and wordiness, 309

because of, due to, 275

begging the question fallacy, 152

being as, being that, 276

believing and doubting game, 144

beside, besides, 276

between, among, 275

bibliographies

in APA style, 521

in Chicago style, 553–54

as library resources, 201

working bibliographies, 206–7

biographical resources, 183

block quotations, 424

blogs (Web logs)

citing in APA style, 538

citing in Chicago style, 565

citing in MLA style, 492

features of, 22

for research project, 191

bookmarking Web sites, 202–3

books

citing in APA style, 525–28

citing in Chicago style, 555–60

citing in CSE style, 577–81

citing in MLA style, 474–80, 488

indexes, as research source, 199

library search, 198–99

titles of, italics for, 448

in working bibliographies, 207

Boolean operators (AND, NOT, OR) for electronic searches, 198

brackets

in direct quotations, 227

usage, 430–31

brainstorming, 59–60

brake, break, 276

breath, breathe, 276

bring, take, 276

British, English, usage, 254

business writing, 655–63

cultural contexts, 249

email messages, 658

letters, 658–60

memos, 655–59

résumés, 660–63

but, yet, 276

but that, but what, 276

C

can (modal auxiliary verb), 276, 612–13

can, may, 276

can’t hardly, 276

can’t help but, 276

capitalization, 437–42

editing for (At a Glance), 437

headings, 100

lines of poetry, 438

proper adjectives and proper nouns, 324, 438–39

titles of persons, 439

titles of works, 439–40

in Top Twenty (common errors), 7

unnecessary, 440–41

cartoons

citing in MLA style, 468, 498–99

as visuals, 102

case, 363–69 The form of a noun or pronoun that reflects its grammatical role: He ate (subjective). His food was cold (possessive). I saw him (objective).

in compound structures, 368

in dependent clauses, 366–67

in elliptical constructions, 368

objective case, 364–65

possessive case, 365

subjective case, 364

we and us before nouns, 368–69

who, whom, whoever, whomever, 366–67

catalogs, library, 195

cause and effect

developing paragraphs with, 86

supporting an argument with, 170

transitions to signal, 91

CDs, citing

in Chicago style, 568

in MLA style, 495–96

censor, censure, 276

certainty, modals to indicate, 613

charts

misleading, 154–55

MLA style, citing, 468–69, 498

symbols in, abbreviating, 444

as visuals, 101

Chicago style, 551–74 Citation guidelines based on the Chicago Manual of Style.

directory, 554

formatting guidelines, 553–54

in-text citations, 552–53

notes and bibliographic entries, 554–69

books, 555–60

electronic sources, 561–68

miscellaneous sources, 568–69

periodicals, 560–64

quotations, integrating, 226

student research essay, 569–74

chronological organization

of information, 71

of narratives, 82

of process descriptions, 87

résumés, 660

citation-name format (CSE style), 575–76

citation-sequence format (CSE style), 575

claim, 149, 163–64, 176 An arguable statement.

class discussions, guidelines, 24

classical format for arguments, 175–76

classification, developing paragraphs with, 84–85

clause, 335–37 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause must be attached to an independent clause.

and comma splices, 385–90

conjunctive adverbs with, 325

in fused (run-on) sentences, 385–90

clichés, 268

climactic order, position of ideas in sentences, 293–94

close reading. See literary analysis

clustering, 62–63

coherence, 89–92, 90 Also called “flow,” the quality that makes a text seem unified.

collaboration, 64–65, 629

collective nouns, 321

pronoun-antecedent agreement with, 369

subject-verb agreement with, 10, 358–59

college writing. See academic writing

colloquial language, 262

colons, 432–33

with quotation marks, 426

color, in text design, 97

comics, citing (MLA style), 498–99

commands (imperative mood), 353

commas, 400–412

with absolute phrases, 334

with addresses, 408

with appositives, 404–5

for clarity, 410

in compound sentences, 9, 338, 402

with contrasting elements, 407

with coordinating conjunctions, 7, 9, 387, 402

with dates, 408

with direct address, 407

editing for (At a Glance), 401

with independent clauses, 335, 387

with interjections, 407

with introductory elements, 400

with items in series, 405–6

with nonrestrictive elements, 8, 403–5

with numbers, 408–9

with parentheses, 430

with parenthetical expressions, 406–7

with quotation marks, 6–7, 409, 426

with tag questions, 407

with transitional expressions, 406–7

unnecessary, 368, 402

comma splice, 385–90 An error in formal writing resulting from joining two independent clauses with only a comma.

in context (Talking about Style), 389

editing (At a Glance), 386

in literary writing, 389

in Top Twenty, 9–10

commenting on a draft, 110–11

comments, instructor, 111–13

common assignments. Seealso writing assignments

in business classes, 655–61

in humanities, 632–33

in natural and applied sciences, 648–49

in social sciences, 641–42

common errors. See Top Twenty

common ground, language that builds, 250–56

establishing credibility with, 166

using (At a Glance), 250

common knowledge, 231

communicator, in rhetorical situation, 49

company names

abbreviations in, 444

capitalizing, 439

comparative, 324–25 The –er or more form of an adjective or adverb used to compare two things (happier, more quickly).

compare to, compare with, 276

comparison and contrast, developing paragraphs with, 85

comparisons

complete, editing for, 298

as evidence in argument, 173

transitions to signal, 91

compass directions, capitalizing, 440

complement, compliment, 276

complete sentence. See sentence

complex sentences, 338

compose, comprise, 276

compound adjectives, hyphens with, 11, 451

compound antecedents, pronoun-antecedent agreement, 369–70

compound-complex sentences, 338

compound constructions and commas, 411

compound nouns

hyphens in, 451

possessive forms of, 420

compound numbers, hyphens with, 451

compound predicates, 331

as sentence fragments, 394

compound sentences, 338

commas in, 9, 402

missing commas in (Top Twenty), 9

pronoun case in, 368

compound subjects, 330

subject-verb agreement, 357–58

compound words

and hyphens, 451–52

spell-checker errors, 269

comprise, compose, 276

concession, transitions to signal, 92

conciseness, 307–11 Using the fewest possible words to make a point effectively.

editing for (At a Glance), 307

in headings, 100

conclusions, 93, 238–39

of oral presentations, 26–27

revising, 115–16

of sentences, dash for emphasis, 431

of sentences, emphasis in, 293

in syllogisms, 170–71

transitions to signal, 92

concrete words, 266–67

conditional sentences, 601

conference proceedings, citing

in APA style, 540

in Chicago style, 581

in MLA style, 500

conjunction, 326–28 A word or words joining words, phrases, or clauses.

and emphasis, 287

parallelism with, 300–301

conjunctive adverbs, 325, 328

commas with, 407

linking clauses with semicolons and, 413

connotation, 265

conscience, conscious, 276

consensus of opinion, 276

consequently, subsequently, 276

consistency, editing for (At a Glance), 296

context for writing, 49–50

continual, continuous, 277

contractions, 421

contrast

developing paragraphs with, 85

in visual design, 94

contrasting elements

commas with, 407

transitions to signal, 91

conventions (Talking the Talk), 14

coordinate adjectives, commas to separate, 406

coordinating conjunctions, 327 The words and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet, which give the same emphasis to both the elements they join: Restaurants are expensive, so I cook.

commas with, 7, 9, 387, 402

with compound predicates, 331

in compound sentences, 338

with compound subjects, 330

linking clauses with, 387, 413

parallelism with, 300–301

coordination, 288–89

corporate authors. See organizations as authors, citing

correlative conjunctions, 327 Paired conjunctions (both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also) used to connect equivalent elements.

with compound subjects, 330

parallelism with, 301

could, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13

could of, 277

Council of Science Editors (CSE) style. See CSE style

count and noncount nouns, 321, 602–3

counterarguments, 166–67, 217

cover letters, 658–60

credibility

in arguments, establishing, 165–75

in sources, evaluating, 208–10

of statistics, 155

and variety of English used, 259

criteria, criterion, 277

critical reading, 129–43

as active reading, 16–17

analyzing text, 136–39

annotating text, 131–34

business texts, 655

in humanities (At a Glance), 631

in natural and applied sciences, 647–48

previewing text, 129–31

in social sciences, 639

of sources, 210–15

student writing model, 140–43

summarizing text, 135–36

critical stance, 632–33

critical thinking

arguments, analyzing, 143–61

critical reading, 129–43

CSE style, 575–86 The citation style guidelines issued by the Council of Science Editors.

directory, 577

in-text citations, 575–76

citation-name format, 575

citation-sequence format, 575

name-year format, 576

references list, 576–81

author listings, 577–81

books, 577–81

electronic sources, 582–86

periodicals, 581–82

student research proposal, 586–89

cultural contexts, 247–50. See also multilingual writers

of arguments, 145

and authority of writer, 247

and business writing, 249

communicating across cultures (At a Glance), 246

evidence, nature of, 248

and formality, 249–50

meaning, clarifying, 246–47

norms and culture, 245–46

and organizing writing, 248–49

and writing style, 249–50

D

dangling modifiers, 384

editing (At a Glance), 380

dashes, 431–32

linking clauses with, 390

with quotation marks, 427

data, 277

data analysis, research data, 205

databases, 196–98

abstracts in, 200–201

in APA style, citing, 532–33

in Chicago style, citing, 561–64

in CSE style, citing, 583–85

and digital object identifier (DOI), 532–33

full-text, 200

in MLA style, citing, 467–68, 485–87

periodical indexes, 200–201

search options, 197–98

for social sciences. See also articles in periodicals

dates

commas with, 408

numbers in, 446

declarative sentences, 339

deductive reasoning, 170–71

definitions

cultural contexts and, 246–47

developing paragraphs with, 83–84

quotation marks for, 425

demonstrative pronouns, 323

denotation, 265

dependent clause, 289–94, 338 Sometimes called a “subordinate clause,” a word group that contains a subject and a predicate but can’t stand alone as a sentence because it begins with either a subordinating conjunction (because, although) or a relative pronoun(that, which).

relative pronouns in, 323

as sentence fragments, 394–95

sentence variety, 313

who, whom, whoever, whomever in, 366–67

depend on, 620

descriptions, development, 83

designing texts, 94–104

for arguments, 177–78

design principles, 94–95

editing, 120

for portfolio, 123–24

print versus electronic delivery, 94

research project, 236

revising, 116

details

concrete, 173

in description, 83

developing paragraphs with, 80

and emotional appeals, 173

and subordination, 289–90

of visuals, 81

determiners, 324, 603–5

diagrams, 101

diction. See word choice

dictionary entry, citing (MLA), 467

different from, different than, 277

digital object identifier (DOI), 532–33

digital sources

citing in APA style, 532–39

citing in Chicago style, 561–68

citing in CSE style, 582–86

citing in MLA style, 484–93

guidelines (At a Glance), 484 (MLA), 533 (APA)

direct address, 408

direct discourse, shifts in, 304–5

directness, in writing, 15–16

direct objects

explicit, 597

infinitives as, 598–600

noun clauses as, 336

noun phrases as, 333

pronoun case in, 365

direct quotations

changing to indirect, 614

and quotation marks, 423–24

disabilities, considering

audience analysis, 55

color perception, 97

freespeaking, 60

knowing your readers, 255

oral presentation accessibility, 27

references to, 255

and spelling, 273

Web texts accessibility, 23

disciplinary language, 625–26

disciplinary style, 626–27

discourse, shifts in, 304–5

discreet, discrete, 277

disinterested, uninterested, 277

disruptive modifiers, 383

dissertations, citing

in APA style, 539

in MLA style, 500

distinct, distinctive, 277

division, developing with, 84

do, forms of, as helping verbs, 342

documentation. See also APA style; Chicago style; CSE style; MLA style

missing or incomplete (Top Twenty), 5–6

need for, 231

of visuals, 102

document design. See designing texts

doesn’t, don’t, 277

DOI (digital object identifier), 532–33

dots. See ellipses

doublespeak, 264

doubt, modals to indicate, 613

doubting game, 144

drafting. See also writing process

guidelines for planning and, 73–74

research project, 238–41

reviewing draft, 105–13

working thesis, 67–69

due to, because of, 275

DVDs, citing

in APA style, 540

in Chicago style, 568

in MLA style, 494

E

each

pronoun-antecedent agreement with, 368

subject-verb agreement with, 358

each other, one another, 277

e-books, citing (Chicago), 558

-ed, -d endings

for adjectives, 616

for past forms of regular verbs, 342

editing, 117–22. See also At a Glance

adjectives, 375

adverbs, 375

colons, 433

comma splices, 386–90

for coordination and subordination, 292

design, 120

for emphasis, 287–88

fused (run-on) sentences, 386–90

misplaced or dangling modifiers, 380

for misspelling, 120

paragraphs, 78

for parallelism, 299–302

research project, 239

sentence length, 117–18, 311–13

for sentence variety, 311–13

word choice, 119

editions of books, citing

in APA style, 528

in Chicago style, 559

in MLA style, 479

editorials, citing

in APA style, 529

in MLA style, 481, 488

editors, citing

APA style, 525

Chicago style, 558

CSE style, 580

MLA style, 474–75

effect, affect, 274

either-or fallacy, 153

electronic communication, 17–19

electronic sources. See digital sources

elicit, illicit, 277

ellipses, for omitted words, 227, 434–35

elliptical structures, 297, 368

elude, allude, 274

email

APA style, citing, 520, 538

business use of, 658

capital letters in, 441

Chicago style, citing, 565

MLA style, citing, 493

writing, guidelines for, 18

emigrate from, immigrate to, 277

emotional appeals, 145–48, 172–74

emphasis, 287–88

dashes for, 431–32

italics for, 448

order for, 293–94

encyclopedias, 196

endnotes, Chicago style, 554–69

end punctuation, editing for (At a Glance), 415

English, British, usage, 254

English, varieties of, 256–59

ensure, assure, insure, 275

enthused, enthusiastic, 277

enthymeme, 149

equal ideas, relating with coordination, 288–89

equally as good, 277

-er, -est. See comparative; superlative

errors, common. See Top Twenty

-es, -s endings

plural nouns, 273, 321

verbs, 341, 355

essays. See academic writing; writing assignments; writing process

ethical appeals, 146, 147–48, 165–66

ethical guidelines, 628–29

ethnic groups

assumptions about, 253–54

capitalizing name of, 438

language varieties, 259

ethos, 145

euphemisms, 264

evaluating sources, 206–15

every day, everyday, 277

every one, everyone, 278

everyone, gender-neutral approach, 371

evidence, 148–49 Support for an argument’s claim.

in cultural contexts, 248

evaluating, 211, 627–28

examples

colons with, 432

developing paragraphs with, 84

establishing credibility with, 167–69

transitions to signal, 91

except, accept, 274

exclamation points, 409, 417

with quotation marks, 427

exclamatory sentences, 339

experts, using as sources, 203–4

explanatory notes, MLA style, 462–63

expletive constructions, 310

explicit, implicit, 278

exploring ideas, 59–65

brainstorming, 59–60

clustering, 62–63

collaboration for, 64–65

freespeaking, 60

freewriting (looping), 60–61

imagery for, 61–62

narrowing topic, 66–67

questions for, 63–64

research project, 187–88

sources, using for, 64

F

Facebook

event invitation, 42

posting, citing (MLA), 493

fairness, and credibility, 166–67

fallacies, 151–55

ad hominem, 151

bandwagon appeal, 151

begging the question, 152

charts and graphs, misleading, 154–55

in-crowd appeal, 152

either-or, 153

false analogy, 152

false authority, 151

flattery, 151–52

guilt by association, 151

hasty generalization, 153

non sequitur, 152

oversimplification, 153

photographs, misleading, 153–54

post hoc, 152

straw man, 153

veiled threat, 152

false analogy, 152

false authority, 151

family relationship words, capitalizing, 7, 440

farther, further, 278

faulty predication, 296–97

faulty sentence structure, 296–97 A common writing problem in which a sentence begins with one grammatical pattern and switches to another (also called “mixed structure”).

fewer, less, 278

field research, 203–5

figurative language, 173–74, 267–68

for topic selection, 61–62

figures, citing, 468, 498

films, citing

in APA style, 540

in MLA style, 494

finalize, 278

firstly, secondly, 278

first person (I) in academic writing, 627

flattery, 151–52

flaunt, flout, 278

flow. See coherence

flyer, student model, 40

fonts. See typefaces

footnote numbers with quotation marks, 426

footnotes, citing

in Chicago style, 554–69

in MLA style, 462–63

foreign languages, using words from, 54, 259–60, 449

forewords, citing

in Chicago style, 558

in MLA style, 479

formality, appropriate, 261–64

cultural contexts, 249–50

formal outlines, 74

formal rhetorical situations, 49

formal writing, 18–19, 49. See also academic writing

correctness or stuffiness (Talking the Talk), 366

formal audiences, 53–54

formatting. See also designing texts

APA references list (At a Glance), 523

APA style, 523

Chicago style, 553–54

MLA list of works cited (At a Glance), 472

online texts, 23

former, latter, 278

forums, online, guidelines for, 18–19

fractions

hyphens in, 451

numbers in, 446

slashes in, 434

subject-verb agreement with, 358

fragment, 12, 392–96 A group of words that is not a complete sentence but is punctuated as one. Usually a fragment lacks a subject, a verb, or both, or it is a dependent clause.

freespeaking, 60

freewriting (looping), 60–61

further, farther, 278

fused sentence, 9, 385–90 Sometimes called a “run-on,” a sentence in which two independent clauses are run together without a conjunction or punctuation between them (My dog barked he woke me up).

future tenses, 349

future perfect, 349

future perfect progressive, 349

future progressive, 349

simple future, 349

G

games, computer, citing (MLA), 496

gender-neutral language, 251–53, 371

general and specific words, 265–66

general indexes, 199

generalizations

inductive, 170–71

with zero article, 606–7

genre, 55, 594–95 A form of communication used for a particular purpose and incorporating certain conventional features. Some common examples include lab reports, researched essays, brochures, invitations, etc.

for public writing, 38

reviewing draft for, 106

geographical area, assumptions about, 254–55

geographical names, capitalizing, 438

gerund, 334 A verbal form that ends in -ing and functions as a noun: Sleeping is a bore.

and possessive-case pronouns, 365

to state facts, 599

glossary of usage, 274–83

good, well, 278, 376

good and, 278

Google, 202, 595

Google Scholar, 203

government institutions

abbreviations in, 443

capitalizing names, 439

government sources, 202–3

citing in APA style, 539

citing in Chicago style, 569

citing in CSE style, 586

citing in MLA style, 467, 499–500

grammar, 318–96. See also parts of speech

grammatical terms (Talking the Talk), 319

graphic narratives, citing (MLA), 478

graphs

bar graphs, 101

citing, 468–69, 498

misleading data in, 154–55

symbols in, abbreviating, 444

group authors. See organizations as authors, citing

guilt by association fallacy, 151

H

hanged, hung, 278

hasty generalizations, 153

have, forms of

as helping verbs, 320, 342, 610–11

perfect tenses, 611

third-person singular, 356

having, present-perfect participle, 351

he, she (personal pronouns), 278

headings

and document design, 94, 99–100

in formal outlines, 74

of notes, 218

typefaces, 98

wording of, 100

helping verb, 320, 342, 609–12 A verb such as a form of be, do, or have or a modal combined with a main verb.

her, his (possessive pronouns), 278, 322

here, opening sentences with, 330

herself, himself, myself, yourself (reflexive pronouns), 278, 322

hierarchical organization, 75

his, her (possessive pronouns), 278, 322

hisself, 278

historical sources, evaluating, 195

homonyms, errors with, 6, 269

hopefully, 278

however. See conjunctive adverbs

humanities, writing for, 630–38

assignments, types of, 632–33

critical reading (At a Glance), 631

critical stance of writer, 632–33

literary analysis, 633–38

humor, and anticlimax (Talking about Style), 294

hundred, 447

hung, hanged, 278

hyphens, 11, 450–53

editing for (At a Glance), 451

unnecessary, 452

unnecessary or missing (Top Twenty), 11

hypothesis to working thesis, 192

I

ibid. (in the same place), 553

ideas

equal, linking with coordination, 288–89

paired, 300–301

for writing, exploring, 59–65

idioms, learning, 268

i.e. (that is), 444

if, 353, 601

illusion, allusion, 274

illustrations, as visuals, 102

IM (instant messaging). See texting

imagery, 61–62

immigrate to, emigrate from, 277

impact, 279

imperative mood (commands), 303, 353

imperative sentences, 339

you as implied subject of, 330

implicit, explicit, 278

implicit thesis statements, 67

imply, infer, 279

in-crowd appeal fallacy, 152

indefinite pronoun, 359 A word such as each, everyone, or nobody that does not refer to a specific person or thing.

apostrophes, 419–20

pronoun-antecedent agreement, 10, 369

sexist pronouns, 371

independent clause, 335–37 A word group containing a subject and a predicate that can stand alone as a sentence.

indexes, for research, 199–201

indicative mood, 303, 353

indirect discourse, shifts in, 304–5

indirect objects, 332

pronoun case with, 365

indirect questions, 416

indirect quotations, 409, 427, 614

indirect sources, citing

in APA style, 520

in MLA style, 466

inductive reasoning, 170–71

infer, imply, 279

infinitive, 334, 351 To plus the base form of a verb (to go, to run, to hit), which can serve as a noun, an adverb, or an adjective: One option is to leave (noun). We stopped to rest (adverb). He needs time to adjust (adjective).

disruptive modifiers in, 383

and gerunds (multilingual writers), 598–600

subjects of, pronoun case in, 365

infinitive phrases, 334

informal rhetorical situations, 49

informal writing, 12–14, 19

audiences for, 53–54

compared to academic writing, 19

-ing words

as adjectives, 334, 616

as nouns (gerunds), 334, 598–99

as present participles of verbs, 341

in progressive tenses, 347–49, 616

inside of, outside of, 279

instant messaging (IM). See texting

instructions, modals to indicate, 612–13

instructor comments, 111–13

instructor expectations, 12, 17, 593–94

insure, ensure, assure, 275

integrating sources, 224–29

intensive pronouns, 322

intentions, infinitives for, 599

interact, interface, 279

interjection, 328, 407 An exclamation of surprise or other strong emotion: Ouch!

interlibrary loans, 202

Internet searches, 202

to check usage, 595–96

Internet sources

annotating, 223–24

authoritative sources online, 203

citing. See digital sources

evaluating, 212–13

wikis (Talking theTalk), 196

in working bibliographies, 207

interrogative pronouns, 323

interrogative sentences, 339

interviews

APA style, citing, 520, 529

conducting (At a Glance), 204

MLA style, citing, 495, 500

in-text citations

APA style, 517–21

CSE style, 575–76

MLA style, 463–69

intransitive verbs, 332, 346, 597

introductions

citing in Chicago style, 558

citing in MLA style, 479

developing, 92–93, 238

oral presentations, 26–27

research projects, 238

reviewing draft for, 107

revising, 115–16

introductory elements, commas with, 5, 400

irony, quotation marks with, 425

irregardless, regardless, 279

irregular forms

comparatives and superlatives, 377

plural nouns, 321, 360–61

verbs, 342–45

irregular verb, 342–45 A verb that does not form the past tense and past participle by adding -ed or -d to the base form.

issues, exploring, 162

is when, is where, 279, 296

it

opening sentences with, 119, 310

vague use of, 372

italics, 448–49

items in series

colons with, 433

commas with, 405–6, 411

parallelism, 299–302

semicolons with, 413–14

it is, avoiding, 310

its, it’s, 279, 322, 421

J

jargon, 262–63

journal articles

in APA style, 529–31

in Chicago style, 560–64

in CSE style, 581, 583

in MLA style, 480, 485

journalistic questions, 64

journals, italics for names of, 448

just as, so, 327

K

key words

in oral presentations, 27

in paragraphs, 89–90

and purpose for writing, 188

in scannable résumés, 661, 663

keyword searches, 197

kind, sort, type, 279

kind of, sort of, 279

know, no, 279

knowledge, credibility established with, 165–66

L

lab reports, 650–54

language. See also word choice

appropriate, editing for (At a Glance), 261

assumptions, avoiding, 251–56

bringing in another, 54, 259–60

colloquial, 262

and common ground, 250–56

doublespeak and euphemisms, 264

figurative, 267–68

gender-neutral, 251–53

glossary of usage, 274–83

jargon, 262–63

pompous, 263

and rhetorical situation, 54

slang, 262

stereotypes, avoiding, 251

use and cultural contexts, 250–56

varieties of (At a Glance), 257

for world audience. See cultural contexts

language names, capitalizing, 438

language that builds common ground, 250–56

language variety, 256–59

later, latter, 279

latter, former, 278

lay, lie, 279, 346

leave, let, 279

lectures and speeches, citing (MLA), 496–97

legal sources, citing, 501

lend, loan, 279

less, fewer, 278

less, least, 324

let, leave, 279

letters (texts), 658–60

APA style, citing, 520

Chicago style, citing, 565

guidelines for writing (At a Glance), 660

letter of application, student sample, 658–59

MLA style, citing, 500

reflective statements, 124

letters of the alphabet

italics for, 449

plurals, 422

letters to the editor

APA style, citing, 529

MLA style, citing, 481, 488

Library of Congress, online, 203

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), 197

library research, 195–202

catalogs, 195, 198–99

databases, 196–98

indexes, 199–201

reference librarians, 195

search options, 197–98

lie, lay, 279, 346

like, as if, as, 275

“like” buttons, 23

limiting modifiers, 382

linear organization, 75

linking verb, 331 A verb that suggests a state of being, not an action.

and adjectives, 324, 374–75

and subject-verb agreement, 360

links, in online texts, 23

listen to, 620

list of works cited. See MLA style

lists

colon in, 433

numbers in, 430

literally, 280

literary analysis, 633–38

literary works, citing (MLA), 466

literature review

in natural and applied sciences, 649

in social sciences, 641–42

live performances, citing (MLA), 497

loan, lend, 279

logical appeals, 146–47, 167–72

logical organization, 71–72

logos, 145, 146–47

logs, research, 191

looping, 60–61

loose, lose, 280

lots, lots of, 280

-ly words (adverbs), 325, 375–76

M

magazine articles, citing. See also articles in periodicals

APA style, 529

Chicago style, 561

CSE style, 582

MLA style, 480

magazines

online, 203

as research source, 194

titles, italics for, 425, 448

main clauses. See independent clause

main idea

developing in paragraphs, 78–79

distinguishing with subordination, 289–91

topics. See exploring ideas; topic selection

main verbs. See verb

major premise of syllogism, 170–71

man, mankind, 280

manuscripts, MLA style, 501

maps

MLA style, citing, 468–69, 498

as visuals, 101

margins, white space and, 96–97

may, as modal, 276, 610, 612–13

may be, maybe, 280

meaning

clarifying for other cultures, 246–47

reviewing draft for, 105

meanwhile, 328

media, 280

memos, 655–59

guidelines for writing (At a Glance), 656

messaging. See texting

metaphors, 267

and emotional appeals, 173

might, as modal, 342, 612–13

mine, my, 322

minor premises, of syllogisms, 170–71

misplaced modifiers, 380–81

mixed metaphors, 267–68

mixed structures in sentences, 296–97

MLA style, 457–511 The citation style guidelines issued by the Modern Language Association.

block quotations, lines of prose or poetry, 424

directory to in-text citations, 463–64

directory to works-cited models, 470–71

explanatory and bibliographic notes, 462–63

in-text citations, 463–69

list of works cited, 470–501

author listings, 471–74

books, 474–80

digital sources, 484–93

formatting guidelines (At a Glance), 472

government publications, 499–500

multimedia sources, 494–99

print periodicals, 480–84

quotations, integrating, 226

student research essay, 501–11

visuals, 229, 468–69

modal, 342, 612–13 A kind of helping verb that has only one form and shows possibility, necessity, or obligation: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, ought to.

modifier, 380–85 A word, phrase, or clause that acts as an adjective or an adverb, qualifying the meaning of another word, phrase, or clause.

adjectives and adverbs, 375–76

order in sentences, 607–8

placement, 380–85

mood, 303, 353–54 The form of a verb that indicates the writer’s attitude toward the idea expressed. The indicative mood states fact or opinion (I am happy); the imperative gives commands (Keep calm); and the subjunctive refers to a condition that does not exist (If I were rich…).

moral, morale, 280

more, most, 324

multilingual writers, 593–620

adjective clauses, 600

adjective sequence, 377

adjectives with plural nouns, 375

American spellings, recognizing, 271

articles, 324, 605–6

British English, 258

capitalization, 440

class participation, 25

conditional sentences, 601

count and noncount nouns, 321, 602–3

determiners, 603–5

English, global varieties of, 258

explicit points, 79

fancy words, avoiding, 264

genres, understanding, 594–95

genre structures and phrases, adapting, 595

gerunds, 598–600

helping verbs, 609–12

hundred, use of term, 447

idioms, learning, 268

infinitives, 598–600

modal auxiliaries (helping verbs), 342, 609–12

modifiers, 607–8

noun clauses, 598

participial adjectives, 616

past tense, 613–14

peer review, 107

perfect and progressive tenses, 614–16

personal experience, 166

plagiarism as a cultural concept, 232

prepositions, idiomatic, 617–20

present tense, 613–14

proper nouns, 603

quotation marks, 427

quotations, tense shifts, 614

reading patterns, 98

reported speech, shifting tenses in, 306

reviewing drafts, 105

reviewing thesis, 235

sentence length, 388

sources, identifying, 223

subjects and objects of sentences, 597

subjunctive mood, 354

thesis, stating explicitly, 69

topic, choosing, 62

U.S. academic style, 593–94

usage, checking online, 595–96

verb phrases, 609–12

word order, 597

multimedia, library resources, 202

multimodal text, 20–36 A text that may include oral, visual, or audio elements in addition to (or instead of) words on a page.

multiple negatives, 379

multivolume works, citing, (MLA) 466, 479, (APA) 528, (Chicago) 559

musical works

MLA style, citing, 496

titles, italics for, 448

Muslim, Moslem, usage, 255

must, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13

my, mine, 322

myself, himself, herself, yourself (reflexive pronouns), 322

N

name-year format (CSE), 576

narratives

developing paragraphs with, 82

establishing credibility with, 168–69

narrowing topics, 66–67

natural and applied sciences, 647–54

assignments, types of, 648–49

critical reading for, 647–48

formats for writing, 648

lab report, student model, 650–54

style in, 649–50

n.d. (no date), 520, 539

negatives, multiple (Talking about Style), 379

newsletters, 41–42

newspaper articles, citing

APA style, 529

Chicago style, 564

CSE style, 582

MLA style, 481, 485

no, know, 279

noncount nouns, 321, 602–3, 604–7

none, 322

nonrestrictive element, 8, 403–5 A word, phrase, or clause that provides more information about, but does not change, the essential meaning of a sentence. Nonrestrictive elements are set off from the rest of the sentence with commas: My instructor, who is perceptive, liked my introduction.

NOT, in electronic searches, 198

note cards, for oral presentations, 30

notes. See also endnotes; footnotes

APA style, 516–17

Chicago style, 552–53

ibid. (in the same place), 553

MLA style, 462–63

note-taking, 218–24

guidelines (At a Glance), 220

paraphrasing, 220–22

quoting, 219–20

summarizing, 222–23

noun, 321, 602–5 A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

noun clauses, 336, 598

noun phrases, 333

number, amount, 275

number, shifts in, 304

numbers, 446–47

commas with, 408–9

in different fields (Talking about Style), 445

editing (At a Glance), 442

hyphens with, 451

plurals, 422

used as terms, italics for, 449

O

object A noun or pronoun receiving the action of a verb (We mixed paints) or following a preposition (on the road). See direct objects; indirect objects.

object complements, 329, 332

objective case, 364–65

in compound structures, 368

observations, 204

conducting (At a Glance), 204

off, of, 280

OK, O.K., okay, 280

omissions, ellipses for, 434–35

on account of, 280

one another, each other, 277

online searches. See Internet searches

online sources, citing. See digital sources, citing

online texts, 20–24. See also informal writing

accessible, 23

creating (At a Glance), 20

features of, 22–23

structure, designing, 24

or (coordinating conjunction), 402

in compound antecedent, 338

subject-verb agreement and, 358

OR, in electronic searches, 198

oral presentations, 25–36

organization of writing, 70–73

and cultural contexts, 248–49

instructor comments on, 112

for online texts, 24

reviewing draft for, 105–6, 107

revising, 115–16

by subject, 236–37

visuals, 73

organizations as authors, citing

in APA style, 524

in Chicago style, 555

in CSE style, 580

in MLA style, 465, 473

ought to, as modal auxiliary, 342

our, ours, 322

ourselves, 322

outlines, 74, 237

oversimplification fallacy, 153

owing to the fact that, 280

P

page numbers

in APA in-text citations, 518

in MLA in-text citations, 463–68

pagination, formats for, 98

sources without, 467–68 (MLA), 521 (APA)

pamphlets, citing, 569

paper, quality of, for print texts, 97–98

papers

presented at conference, citing (CSE), 581

presented at symposium, citing (APA), 540

writing. See academic writing; writing assignments; writing process

paragraphs, 78–93

coherence (flow), 89–92

conclusions, 93

details in, 80

development of, 82–88

introductions, 92–93

length, 80, 88–89

topic sentences, 79

parallelism, 299–302

for paragraph coherence, 90

paraphrases, 220–22, 227–28

in APA style, 518

avoiding plagiarism in, 220–22

guidelines for (At a Glance), 222

as indirect discourse, 304

present tense in, 348

signal verbs with, 227

sources of, acknowledging, 231

when to use (At a Glance), 225

parentheses, 429–30

with other punctuation, 430

question marks in, 417

searches using, 198

parenthetical expressions, commas to set off, 406–7

participial adjectives, 616

participial phrases, 334, 351

restrictive and nonrestrictive, 404

participle, 340–46, 611 A word formed from the base form of a verb. The present participle always ends in -ing (going). The past participle ends in -ed (ruined) unless the verb is irregular. A participle can function as an adjective (the singing frog, a ruined shirt) or form part of a verb phrase (You have ruined my shirt).

parts of speech, 320–28 The eight grammatical categories describing how words function in a sentence (adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, prepositions, pronouns, verbs).

passed, past, 280

passive voice, 303–4, 352 The form of a verb when the subject is being acted on, not acting: The batter was hit by a pitch.

constructing, 611–12

past, passed, 280

past participles, 341

-ed, -d endings, 342

of irregular verbs, 342–45

past perfect progressive tense, 349

past perfect tense, 349

past progressive tense, 349, 615–16

past subjunctive, 353

past tense forms, 341, 349

of be, 341

-ed, -d endings, 342

of irregular verbs, 342–45

for multilingual writers, 613–14

pathos, 145

PDF files, citing

in APA style, 521

in MLA style, 468

peer review, 107–11

per, 280

percent, percentage, 280

perfect progressive tense, 347–49 The tense of a verb showing an ongoing action completed at some point in the past, present, or future: The workers had been striking for a month before the settlement. He has been complaining for days. The construction will have been continuing for a year in May.

perfect tense, 347–49 The tense of a verb showing a completed action in the past, present, or future: They had hoped to see the parade but got stuck in traffic. I have never understood this equation. By then, the governor will have vetoed the bill.

for multilingual writers, 614–16

periodicals. See also articles in periodicals

APA style, citing, 528–31

articles in, locating, 200–201

Chicago style, citing, 560–64

CSE style, citing, 581–82

evaluating articles in, 208–10, 214–15

indexes, 200–201

MLA style, citing, 480–84

scholarly and popular sources, 194

in working bibliographies, 207

periods, 416

with parentheses, 430

with quotation marks, 426

person, 304 The point of view of a subject. The first person refers to itself (I); the second person addresses you; the third person refers to someone else (they).

in academic writing, 627

and verb forms, 320

personal communication, citing

in Chicago style, 565

in MLA style, 520

personal pronouns, 322

persuasive writing. See argument; writing assignments; writing process

photographs, 102

citing in MLA style, 468–69, 497–98

misleading, 153–54

phrasal verbs, 320, 619–20

phrase, 333–35 A group of words that lacks a subject, a verb, or both.

restrictive and nonrestrictive, 404

verb, 320, 333, 609–12

phrase fragments, 393

pie charts, 101

place, transitions to signal, 91

plagiarism, avoiding, 220–22, 232–34

plenty, 281

plurals

count and noncount nouns, 321, 602–3

first, second, and third person, 341

irregular forms, 321

possessive nouns, 321, 420

spelling rules, adding -s or -es, 273, 321

subject-verb agreement and, 355–62

plus, 281

podcasts

citing in APA style, 541

citing in Chicago style, 565, 568

citing in MLA style, 497

features of, 22

poetry

capitalization, 438

literary analysis, student model, 633–38

MLA style

block quotations, 424

in-text citations, 424, 448, 466

slashes between lines, 434

titles, 425, 449

pompous language, 263

popular sources, 194

portfolios, preparing, tips for, 123–24

possessive form, 9, 321, 419–20 The form of a noun or pronoun that shows possession. Personal pronouns in the possessive case don’t use apostrophes (ours, hers), but possessive nouns and indefinite pronouns do (Harold’s, everyone’s).

possessive pronouns, 322, 365

as antecedents, 373

posters

in oral presentations, 30

student model, 39

post hoc fallacy, 152

PowerPoint. See presentations

precede, proceed, 281

precedents, 168

predicate, 318–19, 331–32 The verb and related words in a clause or sentence. The predicate expresses what the subject does, experiences, or is. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase: We have been living in the Atlanta area. The complete predicate includes the simple predicate and its modifiers, objects, and complements: We have been living in the Atlanta area.

prefaces, citing

in Chicago style, 558

in MLA style, 479

prefixes, hyphens with, 452

premises, in syllogisms, 170–71

preposition, 325–26, 617–20 A word or word group that indicates the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence: From the top of the ladder we looked over the rooftops.

prepositional phrases, 333

commas with, 404

presentations, 25–26

audience analysis, 26

guidelines for, 35–36

introductions and conclusions, 26–27

notes, speaking from, 30

organization, 27

preparing for (At a Glance), 25

purposes for speaking, 26

scripts, 28–30

signpost language in, 27, 30

student model script and slides, 29

transitions in, 27

visuals, integrating, 30–35

present participles, 341, 611

present perfect participles, 351

present perfect progressive tense, 348

present perfect tense, 348, 614–16

present progressive tense, 348, 614–16

present subjunctive, 353

present tense, 347–48, 614–16

be, forms of, 341

pretty, 281

Prezi. See presentations

primary source, 193 A research source that offers firsthand knowledge of its subject.

principal, principle, 281

problem and solution, developing paragraphs with, 87

proceed, precede, 281

process, developing paragraphs with, 87

progressive tense, 347–49, 614–16 The tense of a verb showing a continuing action in the past, present, or future: He was snoring during the lecture. The economy is improving. Business schools will be competing for this student.

pronoun, 321–23, 363–74 A word used in place of a noun.

gender-neutral, 252, 371

as subject complements, 331

pronoun-antecedent agreement, 10, 369–73

pronoun reference, vague (Top Twenty), 6

proofreading, 120, 241

for spelling, 270

proper adjectives

capitalization, 7, 324, 438

order in sentences, 608

proper nouns, 321

capitalization, 7, 438, 603

for multilingual writers, 603, 606

spell-checker errors, 269

zero article with, 606–7

proximity, in document design, 95

public speaking. See presentations

public writing, 36–44

writing to make something happen (At a Glance), 37

publisher’s imprint, citing (MLA), 480

punctuation, 400–436

apostrophes, 419–22

brackets, 430–31

colons, 432–33

commas, 400–412

dashes, 431–32

effective use, editing for (At a Glance), 429

ellipses, 434–35

exclamation points, 417

hyphens, 450–53

parentheses, 429–30

periods, 416

question marks, 416–17

quotation marks, 422–27

semicolons, 412–15

slashes, 434

purposes

arguments, 161–62

and choosing visuals, 56

key words for, 188

for online texts, 21

for oral and multimedia presentations, 26

for public writing, 37

reviewing draft for, 105, 107

understanding assignments, 50–51

Q

qualifiers in arguments, 149–50

qualitative studies, 639–40

quantitative studies, 639–40

question marks, 416–17

with quotation marks, 409, 417, 427

questionnaires, designing, 205

questions

to explore a topic, 63–64

in indicative mood, 353

indirect, 416

interrogative pronouns, 323, 365–67

interrogative sentences, 339

for questionnaires, 205

research, 190, 210

subject of sentence in, 330

tag, 407

quotation, quote, 281

quotation marks, 422–27

commas with, 6, 409

for definitions, 425

editing for (At a Glance), 423

in electronic searches, 198

with end punctuation, 366, 417, 426–27

for irony and invented terms, 425

with lines of poetry, 424

misused, 427

single, 423–24

for titles of works, 425

quotations

in APA style, 226

block quotations, 424

brackets for changed words, 227

brief versus long, incorporating, 226

colons with, 433

as direct discourse, 304

direct quotations, 423–24

ellipses for deleted words in, 227

indirect quotations, 409, 427

integrating into writing, 226–27

mechanical errors with (Top Twenty), 6–7

in MLA style, 226

note-taking guidelines (At a Glance), 220

note-taking with, 219–20

poorly integrated (Top Twenty), 10

within quotations, 423–24

signal words for, 227

sources of, acknowledging, 231

tenses with, 348

when to use (At a Glance), 225

R

race, assumptions about, 253–54

raise, rise, 281, 346

rarely ever, 281

ratios, colons in, 433

reading, 123–26. See also critical reading

real, really, 281

real-time communications, citing (APA), 538

reasoning, critical, 170–71

Toulmin’s system, 171

reason…is because constructions, 296

reasons, in arguments, 149, 171

reason why, 281

reciprocal pronouns, 323

reference librarians, 195

references list

in APA style, 521–41

in CSE style, 576–81

formatting for APA (At a Glance), 523

reference works, citing

in APA style, 528

in Chicago style, 559

in MLA style, 479, 489

reflecting on writing, 122–25

for portfolios, 124

questions to ask, 123

reflective writing, student sample, 124–25

reflexive pronouns, 322

regardless, irregardless, 279

regional varieties of language, 256–59

regular verb, 342 A verb that forms the past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed to the base form (care, cared, cared; look, looked, looked).

reiteration, developing paragraphs with, 87–88

relative pronouns, 290, 323, 336

and subject-verb agreement, 360

religion, assumptions about, 255

repetition

in document design, 95

transitions, to signal, 92

reports. See also academic writing; writing assignments

APA style, citing, 540

Chicago style, citing, 569

lab, student model, 650–54

MLA style, citing, 499

online, sample, 43

psychology, student research essay, 642–46

requests, modals to signal, 612–13

research (research project), 187–241

audience analysis, 188

conclusions, 238–39

design, 236

drafting, 238–41

field research, 203–5

hypotheses in, 190

introductory paragraphs, 238

for natural and applied sciences, 649

with open mind (Talking the Talk), 208

organizing, 236–37

planning, 17, 190–91

prewriting choices, refining, 234–35

research logs, 191

research question, 190, 210

reviewing drafts, 239

revising, 113–16

revising and editing, 239–40

rhetorical stance, 188

for social sciences, 639–46

sources, 193–234

supporting information for, 70

thesis statements, 190, 235–36

titles, 238

topics, exploring, 187–88

working thesis, 67–69, 192

research questions

evaluating, 210

formulating, 190

respectively, respectfully, 281

restrictive element, 403–5 A word, phrase, or clause that changes the essential meaning of a sentence. A restrictive element is not set off from the rest of the sentence with commas or other punctuation: The tree that I hit was an oak.

commas, unnecessary, 7, 403, 410

résumés, 660–63

review indexes, 199

reviewing drafts, 105–13

of arguments, 162

elements to review, 105–6

by instructors, 111–13

peer review, 107–11

of research project, 239

reviews, citing

in Chicago style, 564

in MLA style, 481, 488

revision, 113–16

of research project, 239–40

scope of (Talking the Talk), 115

student sample, 121–22

rhetorical analysis. See also argument

student sample, 157–60

rhetorical situation, 48–59 The whole context for a piece of writing, including the person communicating, the topic and the person’s attitude toward it, and the intended audience.

audience analysis, 53–54

context in, 55–57

formal and informal, 49

of online texts, 21–22

purpose, 50–51

stance, 52

student sample situation, 57–58

time/length factors, 55

visuals, choosing, 56

rhetorical stance, 50–51

for research project, 188

reviewing draft for, 105, 107

of sources, evaluating, 209–10

synthesis from sources, 216–17

rise, raise, 281, 346

run-on sentence. See fused sentence

S

-s, -es endings

plural nouns, 273, 321

verbs, 341, 355

sans serif fonts, 98

scholarly sources, 194

online, locating, 203

sciences, forms of writing in, 641

science terms, abbreviations in, 443

scores, numbers in, 446

scripts for oral presentations, 28–30

search engines, usage, for multilingual writers, 595–96

searching

keyword. See keyword searches

library sources, 197–98

secondary source, 193–94 A research source that reports information from research done by others.

secondly, firstly, 278

second person, 303–4, 341

semicolons, 412–15

clauses, linking with, 328, 387–88, 402, 412–13

in compound sentences, 338

editing for (At a Glance), 412

equal ideas, relating with, 288–89

misused, 414

with quotation marks, 427

sentence, 318–19, 329–33, 337–39 A group of words containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a complete thought.

length of, 117–18, 311–12, 388

for multilingual writers, 597–98

patterns, basic (At a Glance), 329

sentence fragment, 12, 392–96 A group of words that is not a grammatically complete sentence but is punctuated as one. Usually a fragment lacks a subject, a verb, or both, or it is a dependent clause.

sentence variety, 311–13

editing for (At a Glance), 312

sequence, transitions to signal, 91

series. See items in series

serif fonts, 98

set, sit, 281, 346

sexist language, 251–52, 371

pronouns, editing (At a Glance), 371

sexual orientation, assumptions about, 255–56

shall, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13

she, he, 278

shifts, 303–7

confusing (At a Glance), 304

between direct and indirect discourse, 304–5

in mood, 303

in person/number, 304

in tone, 305–6

in verb tense, 8, 303

in voice, 303–4

in word choice, 305–6

should, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13

sic (so), 431

signal phrases, 227

signal words

for APA in-text citations, 518–19

for MLA in-text citations, 463–64

for quotations, 227

signpost language, in oral presentations, 27, 30

similes, 267

and emotional appeals, 173

simple predicates, 331

simple sentences, 338

simple subjects, 329–30

simple tenses, 347–49, 614–16 Past (It happened), present(Things fall apart), or future (You will succeed) forms of verbs.

since, 281

sit, set, 281, 346

situations for writing. See rhetorical situation

slang, 262

slashes, 434

slides, PowerPoint, 30–35

so (coordinating conjunction), 281, 402

social bookmarking sites, 202–3

social classes, assumptions about, 254

social media. See also Facebook; informal writing

and informal writing, 12–14

sites, MLA style, citing, 493

social sciences, writing for, 639–46

critical reading, 639

student model, 642–46

someplace, 282

some time, sometime, sometimes, 282

song titles, quotation marks for, 425

sort, kind, type, 279

sort of, kind of, 279

sound recordings. See audio sources, citing

sources, 193–234

for arguments, 175

articles, evaluating, 210–15

citations, abbreviations in, 392

data interpretation, 205

digital. See digital sources, citing

documenting. See documentation

evaluating credibility, 208–10

excessive use, avoiding, 229–30

historical, 195

importance of, 206

integration in writing, 224–29, 241

interviews, 203–4

library. See library research

list of, preparing, 241

note-taking, 218–24

observations, 204

online texts, giving credit, 23

plagiarism, avoiding, 232–34

popular sources, 194

potential, examining (At a Glance), 211

primary sources, 193

for research project, 190–91

scholarly sources, 194

secondary sources, 193–94

surveys, 204–5

synthesizing, 216–18

working bibliography, 206–7

spatial organization, 70–71

specialized indexes, 200–201

spell checkers, 269–70

limitations of, 120

and spelling errors (Top Twenty), 6

and wrong-word errors (Talking the Talk), 270

and wrong-word errors (Top Twenty), 5

spelling, 272–73

editing for (At a Glance), 261

errors, in Top Twenty, 6

homonym errors, 6, 271

spoke-and-hub organization, 76

squinting modifiers, 382

stance, rhetorical, 52

standard English, 256–57

states abbreviations, 445

stationary, stationery, 282

statistics, 154–55

numbers in, 446

stereotypes, avoiding, 251

storyboards, to organize information, 75–76

straw man fallacy, 153

streaming media, 22

styles, disciplinary, 626–27

subheadings, purpose of, 211

subject, 318–19, 329–30 The noun or pronoun and related words that indicate who or what a sentence is about. The simple subject is the noun or pronoun: The timid gray mouse ran away. The complete subject is the simple subject and its modifiers: The timid gray mouse ran away.

explicit, 597

subject complements

as adjectives, 329

hyphens, unnecessary, 452

and linking verbs, 331, 374–75

noun clauses as, 336

pronoun case, 364

subjective case, 364

in compound structures, 368

subject-verb agreement, 355–62

and ambiguous antecedents, 372

editing for (At a Glance), 356

and possessive antecedents, 373

and third-person singular subjects, 355–56

subject word searching, 197

subjunctive mood, 303, 353–54 The form of a verb used to express a wish, a suggestion, a request or requirement, or a condition that does not exist: If I were president, I would change things.

subordinate clause. See dependent clause

subordinating conjunction, 287–88, 290, 327, 335 A word or phrase such as although, because, or even though that introduces a dependent clause: Think carefully before you answer.

subordination, 289–94

editing for (At a Glance), 287–88

excessive, avoiding, 292

main ideas, distinguishing with, 289–91

power of (Talking about Style), 291

suffixes

hyphens with, 452

and spelling rules, 272

summary A brief retelling of the main points of a text.

guidelines for (At a Glance), 223

incorporating in writing, 227–28

for notes, 222–23

sources, acknowledging, 231

when to use (At a Glance), 225

superlative The –est or most form of an adjective or adverb used to compare three or more items (happiest, most quickly).

superscript numbers

APA style, content notes, 516–17

Chicago style citations, 552–53

CSE style citations, 575

MLA style, explanatory/bibliographic notes, 463

supporting evidence. See also sources

reviewing draft for, 107

revising, 115

and working thesis, 70

supposed to, used to, 282

sure, surely, 282

surface errors, 3

surveys, 204–5

syllogisms, elements of, 170–71

syntax The arrangement of words in a sentence.

synthesis, 205, 216–18 Grouping ideas and information together in such a way that the relationship among them is clear.

T

tables

in MLA style, 468–69

as visuals, 101

tag questions, commas with, 407

take, bring, 276

Talking about Style boxes

abbreviations and numbers in different fields, 445

anticlimax and humor, 294

be, everyday use of, 341

comma splices in context, 389

multiple negation, 379

subordination, 291

technical and scientific writing, voice for, 352

technical writing, 312

Talking the Talk boxes

arguments, 162

assignments, 52

audience, recognizing, 188

conventions, 14

first person (I) in academic writing, 627

formality, correctness, or stuffiness, 366

grammatical terms, 319

research with an open mind, 208

revision, 115

spell checkers and wrong-word errors, 270

texting abbreviations, 262

visual texts, 137

writing something new, 230

technical writing

disciplinary style, 626–27

disciplinary vocabulary, 625–26

passive voice, use of, 352

sentence length (Talking about Style), 312

television shows, citing

in APA style, 540–41

in MLA style, 494–95

tense, 347–51 The form of a verb that indicates the time when an action takes place—past, present, or future. Each tense has simple (I enjoy), perfect (I have enjoyed), progressive (I am enjoying), and perfect progressive (I have been enjoying) forms.

testimony, as evidence, 169

text Traditionally, words on paper, but now anything that conveys a message.

online, 20–24

in rhetorical situation, 49

visual (Talking the Talk), 137

texting, 19, 262

than, then, 282

that

introducing quotation with, 409

as relative pronoun, 323

vague use of, 372

that, which, 282

the (article), 324, 606

their, theirs, 322

theirselves, 282

themselves, 322

then, 328

there, opening sentences with, 119, 309, 330

therefore, 325, 328

there is, there are, 310

there was, there were, 361

thesis statements, 67–69, 235–36

research project, 190

revising, 114–15

they, indefinite use of, 372–73

thinking, critical. See critical thinking

third person, 304

singular and plural, 341, 355–56

this, vague use of, 372

thorough, threw, through, 282

time

numbers in, 446

subordinating conjunctions, 327

transitions to signal, 91

time management, 24, 189

titles

capitalizing, 440

colons in, 433

italics for, 425, 448–49

quotation marks for, 425

for research projects, 238

reviewing draft for, 107

revising, 115–16

and subject-verb agreement, 361

within titles, citing, 480, 528, 560

of visuals, 102

titles of persons

abbreviating, 442–43

capitalizing, 439

commas with, 408

to, too, two, 282

to forms (infinitives), 334, 351, 598–99. See also infinitive

tone

considering for assignment, 56–57

shifts in, 305–6

of source, evaluating, 210

tone of voice, oral presentations, 35

topic selection, 49–50. See also exploring ideas

topic sentences, 79

Top Twenty (common errors), 4–12

apostrophe, unnecessary or missing, 9

capitalization, unnecessary or missing, 7

commas, missing after introductory element, 5

commas, missing in compound sentences, 9

commas, missing with nonrestrictive element, 8

commas, unnecessary, 7

comma splice, 9–10

documentation, incomplete or missing, 5–6

fused (run-on) sentences, 9

hyphens, unnecessary or missing, 11

listing of (At a Glance), 4

pronoun-antecedent agreement errors, 10

pronoun reference, vague, 6

quotations, mechanical errors, 6–7

quotations, poorly integrated, 10

sentence fragments, 12

sentence structure, faulty, 8

spelling errors, 6

verb tense shifts, 8

words, missing, 7–8, 298

wrong-word errors, 3–5

Toulmin arguments, 148–50

organization of, 176–77

reasoning system of, 171

transition, 90–92 A word or phrase that signals a progression from one sentence or part of a sentence to another.

sentence variety with, 313

signpost language, 27

transitive verb, 331–32, 597 A verb that acts on an object: I posted my review online.

translations, citing

in APA style, 525

in Chicago style, 559

in MLA style, 475, 478

Twitter, 13, 307. See also informal writing

two, too, to, 282

type, sort, kind, 279

typefaces, 98–99

typos, 269

U

uninterested, disinterested, 277

unique, 282

units of measurement, 444

unknown authors, citing

in APA style, 524

in Chicago style, 555

in MLA style, 465, 473, 478

unpublished works, citing, 501

unsigned articles, citing, 529

URLs, slashes in, 434

U.S. academic style

features of (At a Glance), 16

and multilingual writers, 593–94

used to, supposed to, 282

U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO Access), 202

us or we before nouns, 368–69

V

veiled threat fallacy, 152

verb, 320, 331–32, 340–55 A word or phrase, essential to a sentence, that expresses the action of a sentence or clause. Verbs change form to show tense, number, voice, and mood.

base forms, 340–45

be, forms of, 330

editing (At a Glance), 340

to forms (infinitives), 334

helping, 320, 342

intransitive, 331–32

irregular forms, 342–45

linking, 331

mood, 303, 353–54

for multilingual writers, 619–20

predicates, 331–32

regular forms, 342

revising, 120

strong, 309

tense, 347–51

transitive, 331–32

voice, 352

verbals, 334

verb phrase, 320, 609–12 A main verb and one or more helping verbs, acting as a single verb.

verb tense. See tense

very, 282

video content

reviewing draft for, 106

revising, 116

types of, 22

videos, citing

in APA style, 540

in Chicago style, 568

in MLA style, 494

visual argument, 147–48, 167, 174

visual rhetoric, 94

visuals, 100–104

attitude and point of view in, 56

documentation of, 103

effective use of (At a Glance), 104

incorporating, 228–29

misleading, 154–55

MLA style

in-text citations, 228–29, 468–69

in list of works cited, 497–99

numbers and titles for, 102

online texts, formatting, 23

for oral presentations, 30–35

organizing, 73

point of view in, 56

to provide details, 81

reviewing draft for, 106

tone of, 57

visual texts (Talking the Talk), 137

visual structure, in design, 94–95

voice, 320, 352 The form of a verb that indicates whether the subject is acting or being acted on. In the active voice, the subject performs the action: Parker played the saxophone. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action: The saxophone was played by Parker.

W

warrant, 149 An assumption, sometimes unstated, that connects an argument’s claim to the reasons for making the claim.

way, ways, 283

Webcasts. See podcasts

Web logs. See blogs (Web logs)

Web sites

citing in APA style, 533–38

citing in Chicago style, 565–67

citing in CSE style, 586

citing in MLA style, 489–92

features of, 22

well, good, 278, 376

we or us before nouns, 368–69

where, 283

which

adjective clause with, 403–4

as determiner, 604

as interrogative pronoun, 323

subject-verb agreement, 360

vague use of, 372

which, that, 283

whichever, 323

white space, and design, 96–97

who

as interrogative pronoun, 323

subject-verb agreement, 360

who, whom, 283

in dependent clauses, 366–67

in questions, 366

whoever, 323

whoever, whomever, in dependent clauses, 367

whose, as determiner, 604

who’s/whose, 283

wikis

citing in APA style, 539

citing in MLA style, 492–93

features of, 22

as research source (Talking the Talk), 196

wildcards, in searches, 198

will, as modal, 320, 342, 612–13

winning, and arguments, 161

word choice, 261–69

disciplinary language, 625–26

editing, 119

instructor comments on, 112

oral presentations, 27–28

shifts in, 305–6

unnecessary, redundant, and empty words, 308–9

word errors (Top Twenty)

missing word, 7–8, 298

wrong word, 3–5, 270

words as words, subject-verb agreement in, 361

working bibliography, 206–7

working thesis, 67–69

of arguments, 164

for research project, 192

supporting information for, 70

testing, 236

works cited. See MLA style

world audiences. See cultural contexts

would, as modal, 320, 342, 601, 612–13

writing assignments. See also academic writing

analyzing (At a Glance), 624

argument, 143–61

business writing, 655–63

changes in (Talking the Talk), 52

in humanities, 632–33

narratives, 82

in natural and applied sciences, 648–49

reflective statement, 124

in social sciences, 641–42

writing inventory, taking (At a Glance), 11

writing process, 45–125

designing texts, 94–104

drafting, 76–77

editing, 117–22

ideas for writing, exploring, 59–65

narrowing topic, 66–67

paragraph development, 78–93

reflecting on writing, 122–25

reviewing drafts, 105–13

revising, 113–16

thesis, working, 67–69

writing situations, 48–59

writing situation. See rhetorical situation

writing to make something happen in the world, 36–44

wrong word (Top Twenty), 3–5