Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures.

Page numbers followed by “t” indicate tables.

O₂, electron transport to, 539–540, 540f

Obesity, 770

Obligate aerobes, 518

Occludin, 940, 942

Octylglucoside, 291, 291f

Odorants, 1067, 1068–1069

Okazaki, Reiji, 199

Okazaki fragments, 199, 199f, 201, 202f

Oleic acid, 51f, 283

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), 1067, 1067f, 1068–1069, 1068f

Olfactory receptors, 1066–1067

types of, 1069f

Oligodendrocytes, 986, 1029, 1032, 1044–1045, 1044f

Oligonucleotide microarrays, 248

Oligopeptide, 70

Oligosaccharides

side chains, 602–603

synthesis of precursor, 602, 602f

Oligosaccharyl transferase, 602

O-linked oligosaccharides, 601, 954, 955f

Ommatidia, 740, 740f

Oncogenes, 217, 1135, 1146

nuclear transcription factors and, 1160–1161

proto-oncogenes becoming, 1149, 1151

signal-transducing proteins encoded by, 1160

viruses carrying, 1152

Oncogenesis, 1136

Oncogenic mutations, 1146

Oncogenic receptors, 1159–1160, 1159f

Oncogenic retroviruses, 217

Oncogenic transformation, 132, 1140

Oncometabolites, 1139

Oncoprotein, 1151

1,2-diaglycerol (DAG), 709–710, 712, 714

1000 Genomes Project, 323

Oocyte expression assay, 501f

Oocytes, 975, 979

Open reading frames (ORFs), 326

Operator, 357

Operons, 179, 180f

coordinately regulated genes and, 357

expression of bacterial, 361–362, 362f

genes clustered into, 357

Opsonization, 1094, 1113f

Optical traps, 802

Optogenetics, 1046–1047, 1047f

ORC. See Origin-recognition complex

orexin gene, 692–693

Orexin-A, 692

Orexin-B, 692

ORFs. See Open reading frames

Organelle membranes, 473

Organelles, 12

autophagic pathway transporting, 667–669

cell disruption to release, 162

centrifugal separation of, 162, 163f

cholesterol and phospholipid transport between, 296–297, 296f

isolation of, 161–164

proteins in, 124f

proteomics of, 164

transport of, 833–834, 838–842, 842f

Organelle-specific antibodies, 162–164, 164f

Organisms

with completely sequenced genomes, 11t

evolution of, 2

as experimental systems, 28

lineages of, 2f

multicellular, 2

Organizing center, 998

Organs, 921

tissues organized into, 24, 25f

Origin-recognition complex (ORC), 892

ORNs. See Olfactory receptor neurons

Oropharyngeal cancers, 1164

Orphan GPCRs, 692

Orthologous sequences, 325

Osmoregulatory pathway, 747f

Osmosis, 481

Osmotic flow, 481

Osmotic pressure, 481, 481f

Osteoclasts, 510, 510f

Osteogenesis imperfecta, 953

Osteopetrosis, 510

Ouabain, 489, 505

Outer mitochondrial membrane, 18

Outer nuclear membrane, 14

Outer-membrane proteins, 616

Outer-membrane receptors, mitochondrial protein import and, 610–612, 611f

Outside-out patch clamping, 500f

Oxa1, 613

Oxaloacetate, 533

Oxidases, 17

Oxidation, 63–64

aerobic, 513, 514f, 515, 533, 534f

of FADH₂, 539

of fatty acids, 534f, 536–537, 538f

of glucose, 514f, 515–516, 533–535, 534f

mitochondrial rate of, 558

of NADH, 539

peroxisomal, 537, 538f

Oxidation potential, 64

Oxidative phosphorylation, 515

Oxidative stress, 548

Oxyanion hole, 94

Oxygen, hemoglobin binding, 101f

Oxygen-evolving complex, 569–570

Oxyntic cells. See Parietal cells