Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures.

Page numbers followed by “t” indicate tables.

B box, 413

B cells, 1081, 1082, 1083f, 1104

activation of, 1128

antibody production and, 1128, 1129f

antigen-specific receptors triggering, 1118, 1120

class switching, 1102–1103, 1103f

development of, 1095, 1099, 1100–1101, 1121f

Ig production in adaptive response, 1101–1102

Ig production types, 1102–1103

Bacille Calmette-Geurin (BCG), 1130

Bacillus subtilis, 357

xpt-pbuX operon, 362, 363f

Backward slippage, 310, 310f

Bacteria, 10. See also specific bacteria

ATP synthesis in, 552–553

commensal, 1081, 1083

cyanobacteria, 10

eubacteria, 4f, 10

G proteins and toxins from, 692

gene expression control in, 356–362

genes in, 8

innate and adaptive immune responses to, 1087, 1087f

K⁺ channels in, 498

mycobacteria, 1130

I-4

Na⁺/amino acid symporters in, 504, 505f

operons, expression of, 361–362, 362f

purple, 567, 568f

release factors, 195

replication of, 1081

ribosomes, 189f

RNA polymerase classes, 368, 368f

Bacterial insertion sequences, 314, 314f, 315f

Bacteriochlorophyll, 567

Bacteriophages, 212

temperate, 216

Bacteriorhodopsin, 286, 286f

Bad, 1018–1019, 1019f

bag of marbles gene (bam gene), 990

Bak, 1018, 1019f

Balbiani rings, 442–443, 443f

bam gene. See bag of marbles gene

Band 4.1, 794, 795

Band-shift assay. See Electrophoretic mobility shift assay

Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 849

BARK. See β-adrenergic receptor kinase

Barth’s syndrome, 547

Basal body, 825, 844

Basal lamina, 24, 134, 931, 931f, 945–950, 946f

collagens in, 945, 948–950

Basal layer, 863

Basal surface, 24, 931

Base excision repair, 205, 205f

Base pairs, 171

nonstandard, 186, 187f, 188

RNA splicing and, 424, 425f, 426

Basement membrane, 947

metastasis and, 1141, 1142f

Bases, 8, 55

damaged, 205

of nucleic acids, 46f

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), 75–76, 386, 387–388

Basic keratins, 863, 864t

Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), 324–325, 324f

Basic zipper (bZIP), 386, 387–388

Basolateral surfaces, 24, 508, 657, 658f, 931

Bax, 1018, 1019f

B-cell malignancies, 725

B-cell receptor (BCR), 1101, 1118

signal transduction from, 1119f

B-cell tumors, 1091–1092

BCG. See Bacille Calmette-Geurin

bcl-2 gene, 1013

Bcl-2 homology domains, 1017

Bcl-2 protein family, 1017, 1017f, 1019f

BCR. See B-cell receptor

BCR-ABL protein kinase, 1156–1157, 1156f

Beige-fat cells, 559

Bence-Jones proteins, 1092

Benzo(a)pyrene, 1144, 1144f

Beta sheet, 71, 72f

Beta strands, 71

Beta turn, 70, 71, 72f

Beta-blockers, 683

β islet cells, 480, 767, 767f, 986, 987f

β-adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK), 707, 757

β-adrenergic receptors, 687, 688f

β-arrestin, 707, 707f

β-galactosidase, 992

β-globins, 307

β-like globins, 306

BH3-only protein, 1014, 1018–1019, 1019f, 1020–1021

bHLH. See Basic helix-loop-helix

Bicarbonate, 506, 510

Bile acids, 278

Bim, 1019f

Binding assays, 681–682, 682f

Binding specificity, 676

Binding-change mechanism, 554–555, 555f

Biochemical energetics, 57–64

Bioinformatics, 324

Biological fluids, pH values of, 54–55

Biology

common functional groups and linkages, 35t

evolution and, 1

Biomarkers, 122

Biomembranes, 48–50, 271

bilayer structure of, 273f, 274

cell types and, 276f

cholesterol and sphingolipid clustering in microdomains of, 282–283

fluid mosaic model of, 272, 272f

lipid and protein mobility in, 278–279, 280f

lipid classes in, 276, 277, 278

physical properties and lipid composition of, 279–281, 281f, 281t

protein removal from, 290–292, 291f, 292f

proteins in, 284–292

Biomolecules, bonding properties of common atoms in, 34t

Bi-oriented chromatids, 897

Bi-oriented kinetochores, 913, 917

Biosynthetic pathways, ordering of, 230–231, 231f

BiP chaperones, 591–592

Bitter taste, 1065–1066

Bivalents, 912

BLAST. See Basic local alignment search tool

Blastocyst, 980f, 981

Blastopore, 26

Blastula, 879

Blood cells, 4f, 922

formation of, 728f, 994–995, 995f

white, 1082

Blood glucose, 479, 766–767, 767f

diabetes mellitus and, 769

Blood transfusions, 1104

Blood-brain barrier, 1031, 1031f

B-lymphocytes, monoclonal antibodies from, 135

BMP. See Bone morphogenic protein

BMP4. See Bone morphogenic protein 4

BNDF. See Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Bone marrow

as stem-cell niche, 997f

transplants, 995, 996f

Bone morphogenic protein (BMP), 722, 1011f

Bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), 982

Bone resorption, 510, 510f

Bordatella pertussis, 692

Botulinum toxin, 1055

Botulism, 1055

Boundary elements, 333, 338

Boundary membrane, 522

Boveri, Theodor, 1137

Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies Initiative (BRAIN Initiative), 1025

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), 1015

Branch migration, 209

Branch-point A, 423

BRCA1 gene, 1153–1154, 1168

BRCA2 gene, 1168

BRE. See TFIIB recognition element

Breast cancer, 683, 1157

Bright-field light microscopy, 139, 140f, 142f

Bromodomain, 333, 394

Brown-fat tissue, 558–559

Budding yeast, 877–878, 877f, 890f

Buffers, 55–56, 56f

Bundle sheath cells, 577

Burkitt’s lymphoma, 1161, 1161f, 1164

Buspirone, 687t

bZIP. See Basic zipper