Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures.

Page numbers followed by “t” indicate tables.

DAG. See 1,2-diaglycerol

Daltons, 70

Darvon, 34

Darwin, Charles, 1, 3f

DBD. See DNA-binding domains

DDK, 892, 897

De Materia Medica (The Materials of Medicine) (Dioscorides), 558

Deadenylation-dependent pathway, 446, 446f

Deadenylation-independent decapping pathway, 446, 446f

Deamination, 204, 204f

Death signals, 1021–1022

Debranching enzymes, 432

Deconvolution microscopy, 147, 147f

Defensins, 1087

Degradation

ECM, 960

Edman, 118

glycogen, 699, 700f

of misfolded proteins, 607–608

mRNA, 445–450, 446f

neurotransmitters, 1057

plasma membrane, 665, 666f

pre-mRNAs, 432

protein, 97–99, 99–100, 751–760

RNA, 432

RTKs, 738

of unassembled protein subunits, 607–608

Dehydration reaction, 41

Delayed response genes, 889

Deletional joining, 1096f, 1097f, 1098

Delta ligand, 761, 762f

Dementia, 984

Demyelinating disease, 1045

Denaturation, 82, 172, 174

Dendrites, 1016, 1027, 1029f

Dendritic cells, 1082, 1087, 1125

Dendritic spines, 1071f

Density gradient, 106

Density-gradient centrifugation, 124f, 163f

Deoxynucleotides (dNTPs), 241

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 2, 7–9, 8f, 45, 167

A-form and B-form, 171–172, 172f

chemical and radiation damage to, 203–204

in chloroplasts, 523, 560–561

double helix of, 170–172, 171f

genome and, 14, 25

information encoded in, 9f

intergenic, 312

intermediate-repeat, 312

mitochondrial, 18, 523–526, 524f, 525f, 526f

moderately repeated, 312

noncoding, 301–302

nonfunctional, 309–310

nuclear eukaryotic, major classes of, 306t

in prokaryotes, 10

protein interaction with, 172, 172f

repetitious, 301, 310

satellite, 310–311

sequences of, 8

simple-sequence, 310–311

strand separation, 172–174

torsional stress on, 174, 174f

transposable (mobile) elements, 312–323

unwinding duplex, 199

Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), 244, 245f

Dephosphorylation, 103f

in Ca²⁺ ATPase, 487f

mRNP export and, 441–442, 442f

in protein regulation, 102–103

Depolarization, 1028

membrane, 1039–1040, 1042

plasma membrane, 1034, 1035f

Depolarized state, 695

Depurination, 205

Dermal tissue, 968

Desensitization, 683

Desipramine, 1057

Desmin, 864, 864t

Desmocollin, 937

Desmoglein, 937, 938

Desmosomal cadherins, 933, 937

Desmosomes, 5f, 863, 933, 937f

Desmotubule, 970

Destruction box, 886, 892

Detergents, 290–292, 291f, 292f

Detyrosylated microtubules, 843, 843f

Deubiquitinylation, 103–104

Deuterostomes, 26

Developmental defects, 353

DGC. See Dystrophin glycoprotein complex

DHFR. See Dihydrofolate reductase

DHSs. See DNase I hypersensitive sites

Diabetes insipidus, 483

Diabetes mellitus, 769

obesity and, 770

type I, 769, 986

type II, 504, 769, 770, 986

Diacidic sorting signal, 646, 646f

DIC microscopy. See Differential-interference-contrast microscopy

dicer gene, 449, 449f

Dicer protein, 451

Dictyostelium amoebae, 816–817

Differential centrifugation, 106, 107f

Differential-interference-contrast microscopy (DIC microscopy), 141–142, 142f

Differentiation, 975, 981f

of adipocytes, 770, 771f

DNase I hypersensitive sites and cellular, 398, 399f, 400

of ES and iPS cells, 986

gene activation during cellular, 395–396

of model organisms, 24–29

reversal of, 983

of stem cells, 988, 989f

tissue, 936

Diffusion, 474–475, 474f, 476

DiGeorge syndrome, 448

Digoxin, 489, 505

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), 612, 612f

Dimerization

receptor homodimerization, 728

of RTKs, 734–735

Dimerization arm, 736

Dimethyl sulfate (DMS), 1143

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMPP), 296

Dioscorides, 558

Diphtheria, 1088

Diploid cells, yeast, 21, 21f, 1003

Diploid organisms, 224

recessive lethal mutations in, 228

Dipole, 35, 35f

Dipole moment, 35

Direct repeat sequence, 314

Direct-acting carcinogens, 1143

Disaccharides, 47, 48f

Disease genes

human, locating and identifying, 254–259

linkage studies mapping, 256, 257f

multiple defect diseases, 257–259

Dishevelled gene, 1008, 1009f

Dislocation, 607–608

Disruption constructs, 260

Dissociation constants, 53–54, 55f, 681

Dissociation (Ds) elements, 314

Disulfide bonds, 44, 601

formation of, 603–604, 604f

Divergent neural circuits, 1029, 1030f

Divergent transcription, 372–373

Diversity, 1080

combinatorial, 938

DMD. See Duchenne muscular dystrophy

DMD gene, 370, 426

DMPP. See Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

DMS. See Dimethyl sulfate

DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid

I-10

DNA amplification, 343–345, 1151, 1151f

DNA chips, 248

DNA cloning, 234–244

DNA damage checkpoint controls, 907f

DNA damage response system, 905–908, 906f

DNA Data Bank, 323

DNA fingerprinting, 311–312, 312f

DNA glycosylases, 205, 205f

DNA library, 237, 245f

DNA ligase, 199, 234–236

DNA looping, 360, 360f

DNA methylation, transcription repression through, 404–405

DNA microarray, 247–248, 249f

DNA polymerase β (Pol β), 1168

DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ), 200

DNA polymerase ε (Pol ε), 200

DNA polymerases, 197–199, 200f

copying errors from, 203

error correction by, 203

proofreading function of, 203, 204f

DNA polymorphisms, 311

linkage mapping of human mutations with, 255–256

in multiple defect diseases, 258

DNA recombination, 203–212

double-strand break repair with, 207–211

homologous, 209–211, 211f

DNA repair, 203–212

base excision repair, 205

cancer and loss of, 1166–1168, 1167t

double-strand breaks, 207–211

excision-repair systems, 204–205

homologous recombination, 209–211, 211f

NHEJ, 208–209, 208f

transcription-coupled repair, 207

DNA replication, 197–202

bidirectional, 201–202, 201f, 202f

commitment to, 887–895

duplicate strand linking in, 893, 894f, 895

inhibition between meiotic divisions, 917

initiation of, 890–891, 892–893, 893f

proteins in, 199–201

semiconservative mechanism, 197, 198f

DNA response elements, 401f

DNA sequencing

cancer analysis with, 1157

cloned DNA molecules, 243–244, 244f, 245f

evolution revealed by, 342–343

DNA synthesis, leading-strand and lagging-strand, 199, 199f

DNA transposons, 242–243, 243f, 313, 313f, 314–315, 315f, 322

DNA viruses, 212

DNA-binding domains (DBD), 382, 403f

of repressor proteins, 394f

structural types, 384–386, 385f

DNA-binding repressors and activators, 358–359

DNase I, 331, 332f

DNase I footprinting, 380–381, 381f

DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), 398, 399f, 400

DNP. See 2,4-dinitrophenol

dNTPs. See Deoxynucleotides; Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

Dolichol phosphate, 601–602, 602f

Domains, 76–78

Dominant alleles, 224–225

monogenic diseases and, 255

Dominant mutant alleles, 225, 225f

Dominant-active proteins, 814

Dominant-negative alleles, 262–264, 265f

Dominant-negative mutations, 225, 730

Dominant-negative proteins, 814

Dopamine, 1026, 1052f, 1057

Dopaminergic signaling, 1057

Dosage compensation, 334

Double helix, 8, 8f, 170

Double mutants, 230–231

Double-label fluorescence microscopy, 145, 146f

Doublesex gene, 436

Double-strand breaks, 906

DNA-repair system loss and, 1168

repair of, 209–211, 211f

Doublet microtubules, 844–845

Down syndrome, 342, 909, 916

Downstream, 364

Downstream promoter element (DPE), 376

Doxycycline, 1148

DPE. See Downstream promoter element

Drosophila melanogaster, 20f, 24, 877

Dscam isoforms in, 439, 439f

gene tagging in, 243

germarium of, 990, 990f

Hh signaling in, 755–757, 756f

life cycle of, 879–880, 880f

mobile elements in, 315

mutation experiments with, 228

Polycomb and Trithorax complexes, 406–407, 408f

polytene chromosomes in, 343–345, 345f

Ras/MAP kinase pathway in, 739–741, 740f

retinal neurons, 439

RNA splicing regulation in, 435–436

sexual differentiation control in, 435–436, 435f

Wnt signaling in, 752–753

Drugs. See also Antibiotics; specific drugs

antidepressants, 1057

in cell biological research, 136–138, 137t, 138f

multidrug resistance, 491

tubulin proteins and, 829–830

Ds elements. See Dissociation (Ds) elements

Dscam isoforms, 439, 439f

DSIF, 369

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 29, 29f, 255, 255f, 321, 426, 796, 964

Duplex DNA, unwinding, 199

Duplicated genes, 303–306, 304f

Duty ratio, 802

Dynactin, 840, 840f, 841

Dynamic instability, 827–829, 828f, 829f

Dynamin, 529, 652–653, 652f, 653f

synaptic vesicle recycling and, 1056–1057

Dynamitin, 840

Dyneins, 833–844, 838–841, 839f, 840f, 841–842, 841f, 853

spindle pole separation and, 858

Dysentery, 790

Dystroglycan, 964–965, 964f

Dystrophin, 794f, 796, 964

Dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC), 29, 29f, 964f, 965