Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures.

Page numbers followed by “t” indicate tables.

M (mitotic) phase, 19, 875

m⁶A, 447

M6P. See Mannose 6-phosphate

M6P receptors. See Mannose 6-phosphate receptors

Macromolecules, 6, 7–9, 41

Macronucleus, 345

Macrophages, 776, 1086

in obesity, 770

polarization, 1003

Mad1-Mad2 complex, 908–909, 908f

Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), 133, 133f, 281, 657, 934, 934f, 936f, 937f

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 1081, 1104–1115, 1104f

antigen presentation and, 1109–1115

classes of molecules, 1105–1107, 1107f

CTL activity restricted by, 1105

graft rejection/acceptance and, 1104–1105

peptide antigens bound by, 1107–1109, 1108f

T cell development and, 1120

T cells guided by, 1105–1107

TCR variable residues and, 1118

Malaria, 22, 23f, 24, 1082, 1130

Malate-aspartate shuttle, 536, 536f

MALDI. See Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight

Malignant tumors, 1141

Mammalian embryo, cleavage of, 979

Mammalian MEK kinase (MEKK), 746

Mammalian TOR (mTOR), 452

MAMs. See Mitochondria-associated membranes

Mannose, 479

Mannose 6-phosphate (M6P), 653–655, 653f

Mannose 6-phosphate receptors (M6P receptors), 653

Mannose-binding lectin pathway, 1085, 1085f

Map distance, 232

MAP kinase family, 739, 742, 744

GPCRs and, 746

phosphorylation of, 744–745, 744f

scaffold proteins separating, 746–748, 747f

transcription factor regulation by, 745–746, 745f

MAPs. See Microtubule-associated proteins

Marfan syndrome, 960

Mass spectrometry, 116, 116f, 117f, 118

HXMS, 121

in proteomics, 123–124, 123f, 124f

Mast cells, 1087

Master transcription factors, 25–27, 27f, 721, 721f, 725f

Master transcriptional regulator, 770

Maternal mRNA, 979

Mating pathway, yeast, 746, 747f

Matriglycan, 965

Matrisome, 945

Matrix, 18, 608

mitochondrial, 523

NAD⁺ and NADH concentrations in, 535–536, 536f

Matrix metalloprotease (MMP), 761, 960

signaling protein cleavage and, 763

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI), 116, 116f

Matrix-targeting sequences, 609, 616

Maturases, 430

Maturation-promoting factor (MPF), 879

Maximal velocity (V_max), 91

MBP. See Myelin basic protein

MCC. See Mitotic checkpoint complex

McClintock, Barbara, 313, 314, 315

MCM helicase, 892–893

MCU. See Mitochondrial calcium uniporter

MDA5, 1085

MDCK. See Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

Mdm2, 907

MDM2, 1166

MDR. See Multidrug resistance

MDR1. See Multidrug-resistance transport protein

Measles virus, 217f

MEC-4 touch-receptor complex, 1062, 1062f

Mechanical defenses, 1083–1084

Mechanical energy, 57

Mechanoreceptors, 1061–1062

Mechanosensors, 929, 930f, 1061–1062

Mechanotransducers, 1063–1064, 1064f

Mechanotransduction, 929

medial-Golgi, 649

medial-Golgi cisterna, 632, 635

Mediator, 390

Mediator complex, 396–397, 396f, 397f

Medulloblastoma, 757

Meiosis, 226f, 879, 911–917

cohesins in, 915–916, 915f

DNA replication inhibited between divisions, 917

errors in, 916

key features of, 912–913, 913f, 914f, 915

nondisjunction in, 909, 916

recombination during, 233

trisomies and, 916

I-20

Meiosis I, 912, 913

error rates, 916

sister kinetochore co-orientation in, 917

Meiosis II, 912

Mei-S332/Shugoshin, 916

MEK, 742, 744

MEKK. See Mammalian MEK kinase

Melanoma, 744, 1131, 1137, 1144

Melanophores, 841, 842f

Melanosomes, 841

transport of, 867

Melting, 172

Melting temperature, 172, 173f

Membrane attack complex, 1085, 1085f

Membrane depolarization, 1039–1040, 1042

Membrane extension, 811

Membrane fusion

SNARE complex dissociation, 644

SNARE protein mediating, 642–644, 643f

Membrane glycoproteins, 636f

Membrane nucleoporins, 622, 623f

Membrane potential, 475, 1027, 1028f

Membrane proteins

hydropathy profiles of, 599–600, 600f

insertion into ER, 593–600

lysosomes receiving, 665–667

multipass, 593, 597–598

sequence and deduction of topology of, 599–600

single-pass, 593, 594–597

sorting, 657–658, 658f

tail-anchored, 597

topological classes, 593–594, 594f, 598f

type I, 594–595, 594f

type II, 594f, 595–597, 596f

type III, 594f, 595–597, 596f

type IV, 594f, 597–598

Membrane synthesis, 9

Membrane transport proteins, 68, 271, 474, 476f

classes of, 475–477, 475f

ion binding to, 487

Membrane-bound Ig, 1101–1102, 1102f

Memory

epigenetic, 333–334

forming, 1070–1072, 1074–1075

gene expression and, 1074–1075

in immune system, 1080

long term, 1074–1075

storage of, 1072f

Memory cells, 1123

Mental retardation, 1075

Meristems, 996–999, 998f, 999f

Meromyosin, 798

Merotelic attachment, 898, 899f

Merozoites, 23f

Meselson, Matthew, 197

Meselson-Stahl experiment, 198f

Mesenchymal cell, 936

Mesenchymal stem cell, 770

Mesenchyme, 979

Mesoderm, 981f

Mesophyll cells, 577

Messenger ribonuclear protein complex (mRNP), 627

cytoplasmic, 419

directionality in export of, 441–442, 442f

export of, 440–441, 443f

nuclear, 419

Messenger RNA (mRNA), 8, 9f, 14, 81, 168, 169f, 240f, 420t

alternatively spliced, 417, 438

bacterial, 10

cytoplasm degradation of, 445–447, 446f

decoding by tRNAs, 183–188

eukaryotic genes and, 303

gene regulation and, 419

IRES in, 191

localization of, 457, 459–460

maternal, 979

Mediator complex and expression of, 396f

miRNAs inducing degradation of, 447–450

nuclear export of, 627

point mutations and, 257

post-transcription modification of adenines, 447

processing in eukaryotes, 420f

protein synthesis role, 183, 183f

quality control in, 441

reading frames in sequence of, 185f

RNAi and, 450–451

synthesis of, 353

TOP, 453

translation efficiency and, 195, 196f

transport across nuclear envelope, 440–445

transport in HIV, 444–445, 444f

vertebrate neurons, 438

Metabolic cooperation, 942

Metabolic coupling, 78, 96, 942

Metabolic intermediates, 516

Metabolic pathways, allosteric regulation of, 100

Metabolites, 507

Metal shadowing, 157–158, 158f

Metalloproteases, 960

Metaphase, 851, 876

Metaphase chromosomes, 327, 335, 900f

banding patterns, 341–342

chromosome painting, 341–342, 342f

number, size, and shape, 341

structure of, 339, 339f

Metaphase plate, 854

Metastases

ADAM activity and, 763

TGF-β1 and, 722

Metastasis, 1136, 1141–1143, 1142f, 1147f

Metazoans, 4–5

cell function, 24–25

DNA replication initiation in, 892

evolution of, 24–25

genes in, 8

lncRNAs and epigenetic repression in, 409–411

RNA polymerase II regulation in, 402

RNA processing in, 432–433

structure, differentiation, and model organisms, 24–29

Methane, 33f

Methionine, 43, 44, 184, 190–191

Methionyl-tRNA_i^Met, 190–191. See also Met-tRNA_i^Met

Methotrexate, 612, 612f

Methylation

of histone lysines, 405, 406f, 407f

N⁶, 447

transcription repressed by, 404–405

Met-tRNA_i^Met, 191, 193, 194

Mevalonate, 296

MG123, 99

MHC. See Major histocompatibility complex

MHC restriction, 1105

Mice, 20f

Micelles, 273

Michaelis constant, 92, 478, 681

Michaelis-Menten equation, 92, 479

MICOS complex, 522

Microciona prolifera, 927f

Microfibrils, 951

Microfilaments, 12, 14f, 777, 777f, 778–781, 779f, 822f

attachment to membranes, 795f

cell migration and, 867–868

endocytosis and function of, 790–791, 791f

melanosome transport and, 867

neural growth cones and, 868, 868f

Microglia, 1030, 1044

Micro-RNA (miRNA), 176, 308, 367, 420t, 445, 448f

alternative polyadenylation and, 450

gene regulation and, 419

limb development and, 449, 449f

mRNA degradation induced by, 447–450

processing of, 448, 449f

translation repression by, 447–450

tumorigenesis and, 1155–1156

Microsatellite repeats, 438

Microsatellites, 256, 310–311, 310f

Microscopy, 130

electron, 156–161, 157f

fixed samples for, 143

light, 139–156, 140f, 142f

organelle isolation, 161–164

subcellular detail imaging, 142–143, 143f

video, 139

Microsomes, 586, 587–588, 587f

Microtubular protein, 827

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), 822, 827, 830–831, 831f

Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs), 824–826, 825f, 868

Microtubules, 12, 14f, 347f, 777, 777f, 821, 822f, 823f

in axonal transport, 833–834, 834f

cell migration and, 867–868

ciliar and flagellar beating produced by, 844–845, 846f

configurations of, 824–826, 825f, 826f

detyrosylated, 843, 843f

disassembly, 832–833

doublet, 844–845

I-21

dynamic instability in, 827–829, 828f, 829f

dynamics, 827–830

dynamics in mitosis, 852–853, 853f

dynein transporting along, 838–841, 839f, 840f

growth of, 827f

kinesin-1 walking down, 836–837, 837f

kinetochores attaching to, 854, 855–857, 856f, 898, 898f

melanosome transport and, 867

in mitotic spindle, 851–852

motor proteins based on, 833–844

neural growth cones and, 868, 868f

organelle transport by, 842f

organization of, 829

regulation of structure and dynamics, 830–833

spindle assembly checkpoint pathway and, 908–909, 908f

structure and organization, 822–826

tubulin dimers in walls of, 822–824, 824f

tubulin modifications and classes of, 842–844, 843f

Microvilli, 13f, 795

Middle prophase chromatids, 339

Migrating cells, 776f

Miller syndrome, 523

Miller-Dieker lissencephaly, 841

Minisatellites, 311

Miranda protein, 1010

miRNA. See Micro-RNA

Misfolded proteins, 87, 88f

Mismatch excision repair, 205–206, 206f

Missense mutations, 204, 225

Mitochondria, 13f, 18, 18f, 514

apoptosis regulation and, 1017, 1018

ATP synthesis in, 552–553

in brown-fat tissue, 558–559

Ca²⁺ transport to, 712–713

calcium concentrations in, 709

cryoelectron microscopy of, 120f

diseases from defective, 523

electron transport in, 539–540, 540f, 542f

endosymbiont hypothesis and, 523, 524f

energy inputs for protein import, 613

ER influencing, 529, 531f, 532

evolutionary roots of, 527

fatty acid oxidation in, 536–537, 538f

functions of, 520, 522t

fusion and fission, 529, 530f

genomes of, 525–526

inner-membrane proteins, 613–615

interaction of, 528–529

intermembrane-space proteins, 615–616

internal structure, 521f

membranes, 520, 522–523

outer-membrane proteins, 616

oxidation rate in, 558

pro-apoptotic proteins and, 1018

protein import, 610–613, 611f, 612f

protein targeting to, 608–617

proton-motive force in, 550

ribosomes, 526–527

structure and functions of, 520–532

subcompartment protein targeting, 613–616, 614f

Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), 529, 531f, 712

Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), 712

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 18, 523–526, 524f, 525f, 526f

differences from standard nuclear code, 527–528, 527t

mutations in, 528

Mitogens, 889, 1164

Mitophagy, 529

Mitosis, 226f, 849–860, 859f

cohesins in, 915f

completion of, 901–903

entry into, 895–900

initiation of, 896–897

key features of, 913f

microtubule dynamics in, 852–853, 853f

mitotic CDK activation and exit from, 902–903

stages of, 850–851, 850f, 851f, 875, 875f

Mitotic asters, 853

Mitotic CDKs, 882, 883

exit from mitosis and, 902–903

nuclear envelope breakdown and, 897

precipitous activation of, 896–897

Mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), 909

Mitotic cyclins, 884–885, 890f

Mitotic exit network, 902

Mitotic spindle, 850, 851–852, 858–859, 875

chromosome attachment to, 898, 898f

mitotic CDKs promoting formation of, 897–899

Mitral neurons, 1067

MLC kinase. See Myosin light-chain kinase

MLKL, 1022

MMP. See Matrix metalloprotease

Mobile DNA elements, 312–323

movement of, 313–314, 313f

Model organism, 12

cancer study in, 1146–1148, 1148f

eukaryotic, 20f

metazoans, 24–29

unicellular eukaryotic, 19–24

Moderately repeated DNA, 312

Molecular chaperones, 83–85, 84f, 591

Molecular complementarity, 32f, 40, 40f, 89, 676

Molecules

centrifugation separating, 106, 107f

electrophoresis separating, 107–109

evolution and, 1

of life, 5–9

small, 5, 6, 6f

Monastrol, 138

Monoclonal antibodies, 135–136, 136f, 144, 163, 1080, 1094

for phosphorylated peptides, 684

Monocytes, 1082

Monogenic diseases, 254–255

inheritance patterns, 255f

Monomeric G protein, 454, 678, 678f

Monomers, 6–7, 41, 169

Monopolin complex, 917

Monosaccharides, 46–48

Monotelic attachment, 899, 899f

Monoubiquitinylation, 103

Montelukast, 687t

Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 232, 233

Morphogenesis, 927, 928f

Morphogens, 753

Morula, 979

Mosaic development strategy, 976

Motor neurons, 1016, 1016f, 1026, 1029

Motor proteins, 68

microtubule-based, 833–844

myosins, 796–810

Movement

ATP hydrolysis and, 800, 801f

of Ca²⁺, 712f

of chromosomes, to poles, 857–858, 857f

intracellular, 293–297, 294f, 789–790, 790f

of leukocytes, 966–967, 966f

of mobile DNA elements, 313–314, 313f

myosin, ATP and, 800, 801f

myosin-powered, 803–810

MPF. See Maturation-promoting factor

mRNA. See Messenger RNA

mRNA surveillance, 456–457, 458f

mRNP. See Messenger ribonuclear protein complex

mRNP exporter, 440–441, 442f, 627

mRNP remodeling, 441, 441f

MS. See Multiple sclerosis (MS)

mtDNA. See Mitochondrial DNA

MTOCs. See Microtubule-organizing centers

mTOR. See Mammalian TOR

mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), 452–454, 453f

mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), 452–454

mTORC1. See mTOR complex 1

mTORC2. See mTOR complex 2

Muller, Hermann Joseph, 228

Multi-adhesive matrix proteins, 925, 945, 947, 947f

Multi-adhesive proteins, 951

Multicellular organisms, 2

niches in, 987–999

stem cells in, 987–999

Multi-color FISH, 342

Multidrug resistance (MDR), 491

Multidrug-resistance transport protein (MDR1/ABCB1), 491, 492f

Multienzyme complexes, 96f

Multi-hit model, 1145–1146

Multimeric membrane proteins, 287, 287f, 601

assembly of, 601

Multimeric proteins, 78

Multipass membrane proteins, 593, 597–598

Multipass transmembrane proteins, 286, 286f

Multiple defect diseases, 257–259

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, 1159

Multiple expression experiments, cluster analysis for co-regulated genes in, 248–249, 250f

I-22

Multiple myeloma, 99

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 1045

Multipotent somatic stem cells, 988

Multipotent stem cells, 977, 987

Multiprotein complexes, 388–389

Multiubiquitinylation, 103

Multivesicular endosomes, 665–666, 667f

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, 693–694, 694f

Muscle cells, 804f. See also Cardiac muscle; Skeletal muscle; Smooth muscle

contraction, 803–804

heart, 804–805

insulin and, 767, 769

NT-3 produced by, 1017f

Muscle contraction, 800, 808, 1057–1058

Muscle relaxation, 486

Muscular dystrophies, 796

Muscular tissue, 921

MuSK, 1050, 1050f

Mutagens, 21, 224, 375, 1143, 1144

Mutations, 2, 28, 203

autosomal recessive, 621

in cancer cells, 1137

in cancer development, 1135–1136, 1150f

cdc mutants, 228, 229f, 878, 881

from chemical and radiation damage, 203–204

complementation tests of, 229–230, 230f

conditional, 227–228, 878

in DMD, 426

dominant-negative, 225, 730

double mutants, 230–231

frameshift, 225

gain-of-function, 1149, 1151

gene tagging by inserting, 242–243, 243f

in genes encoding transcription factors, 355f

genetic analysis of, 224–233

homozygous knockout, 263

linkage mapping, 255–256, 257f

loss-of-function, 1152–1153, 1160

missense, 204, 225

mtDNA, 528

nonsense, 196–197, 204, 225

oncogenic, 1146

peroxisome defects from, 621

petite, 524, 525f

point, 204, 204f, 225, 257, 1151

recessive, 229–230

recessive lethal, 228

sec mutants, 636, 637f

segregation of, in breeding experiments, 225, 227, 227f, 228f

shaker, 1039, 1042, 1042f

shiverer, 1045

silent, 204, 225

Smad proteins and, 725

somatic, 1153, 1153f

somatic hypermutation, 1099–1100

SR proteins and, 428–429

suppressor, 231, 232f

synthetic lethal, 231–232, 232f, 1158

temperature-sensitive, 21, 228, 229f, 878, 881, 905

TGF-β receptors and, 725

transcription factor encodings, 355f

in tumor-suppressor genes, 1152–1155, 1154f

unregulated G₁-S phase passage, 1164–1165, 1165f

in yeast, 21–22

Mutually antagonistic complexes, 1000

Myc, 905

MYC proto-oncogene, 1145, 1148, 1149f, 1152

Mycobacteria, 1130

Mycobacterium leprae, 965

Myelin basic protein (MBP), 1044, 1045, 1045f

Myelin sheath, 1027, 1029–1031

impulse conduction speed and, 1043

production of, 1044–1046, 1044f, 1045f

Myelination, 1043, 1043f

Myeloma cells, 135

Myocardial infarction, 807

Myofibrils, 803–804, 864

Myoglobin, 79, 79f

Myosin I, 799–800, 799f, 807f

Myosin II, 796, 799–800, 799f, 802, 807f

in contractile bundles, 807

structure of, 797–798, 797f

Myosin light-chain kinase (MLC kinase), 808

Myosin regulatory light chain (LC), 808, 808f

Myosin S1, 780–781, 781f

Myosin V, 799–800, 799f, 802–803, 803f, 810f

Myosin VI, 800

Myosins, 796–803

classes of, 799f

mechanical work by, 800, 801f

movements powered by, 803–810

step size, 800, 802, 802f

steps along actin filaments, 802–803

structure of, 797–798, 797f

superfamily, 798–800, 799f

Myotonic dystrophy, 319, 438

Myotonic dystrophy type 1, 311